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Dr. Michael Aris




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tvif;wef;rdom;pk/
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tvif;wef;rdom;pk( aus'Dckd? )aus;&Gm 
1999ckESpf{+yDv2&ufpaeae?

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rdom;pk.xkwfjyefa=unmcsuf

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rmpGm,Hk=unfv#ufuG,fvGefum eD; tcsdeftxd a':atmifqef;pk=unftm; 
vma&ufawG@qHkEdkif&ef wifjyawmif;cHvmaom ygarmuQ a'gufwm rdkufu,ftJ&pf.
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tvif;wef;rdom;pk(wmhc&dkif-rJhaqmuf zkwfzwf) 
1999ckESpf{+yDv2&ufpaeae? 
              
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aoqHk;olrsm;tm; atmufarhbG,f tcrf;tem;rsm;ESifh uG,fvGefol ygarmuQ
rdkufu,ftJ&pftm; &nfpl;I &ufvnfqGrf;uyfv_yGJtcrf;tem;rsm;udk xdkif;EdkifiHa
jrefrmjynfolrsm;ESifh jrefrmEdkifHtwdkuftcH &muf tiftm;pkrsm;u
xdkif;EdkifiHrJaqmuf+rdK@ae&m taw1frsm;rsm;rSm ysif;yoGm;cJh=uygw,f/
tJ'Dvdkusif;y&mrSm jrefrmtwdkuftcH tiftm;pkrsm;rS OD;aqmif+yD;
xdkif;EdkifiHa&mufjrefrmtvkyform;tiftm; (100)cef@wdk@[m
rJaqmuf+rdK@jrefrmbkef;aw1f}uD;ausmif;wGifoH,maw1frsm;tm; tm&HkqGrf;ESifh
vS_zG,fypPnfrsm;udk eHeuf(6)em&DwGif vSLwef;qkawmif;trSsa0=u+yD;
nae(6)em&DtcsdefwGif 4if;tiftm;pkrsm;onf r,faw1faq;cef;wGif ?
rdbaqGrsKd;rsm;ESifha0;uGmae=u&aom jrefrmjynfom; ta0;a&mufaoqHk;olrsm;tm;
atmufarhbG,f qkawmif;yGJ?rsm;udk usif;yoGm;cJh=uygw,f/ tJ'Dusif;yyJGrSm
jrefrmtwdkuftcHtiftm;pkrsm;rS rdbaqGrsKd;ESifha0;uGmae=u&aom jrefrmjynfolrsm;.
ta0;&mufaoqkH; &r_rsm;t=umif;ESifh rnfonfhtwGufa=umifh
jrefrmjynfrSa0;uGmcJh&yHk/ rdom;pkrsm;ESifh a0;uGmaomt&yfY aoqHk;cJh&ol
a':atmifqef;pk=unf. cifyGef;a'gufwmrdkufu,ftJ&pf ta=umif;ponfwdk@udk
&Sif;vif;aqG;aEG;oGm;=ua=umif;od&Sd&ygonf/
tvm;wlkuG,fvGefol a'gufwmrdkufu,ftJ&pftm;&nfpl;I jrefrmtvkyform;rsm;jzifh
zGJ@pnf;xm;aom wmhc&dkif zkwfzwf+rdK@e,ftwGif; uDvdk(48)&Gm/ uDvdk(44)&Gm/
uDvdk(33)&Gm/ rJaqmuf+rdK@e,f aus'Dcdk@&Gm wdk@wGif
eHeufydkif;wGifoH,maw1frsm;tm; tm&HkqGrf;uyfjcif;/ ae@qGrf;uyfjcif;
trSsa0qkawmif;jcif;rsm;jyKvkyfoGm;+yD;/ ae@vnfydkif;wGif etz
 .vlrqefaomvkyf&yftay:wGif &H_@csa0zef aqG;aEG;=u+yD;
owif;xkwfjyefa=ujimcsufrsm; xkwfjyefcJha=umif;owif;&&dSygonf?