NLD Econimic policy report submitte

[nldburma@xxxxxxxxxxx]

Subject: NLD Econimic policy report submitted to 1997 May conference 

1997/ck arv (2&)&uf

pD;yGm;a&;0g'a&;&mokH;oyfcsuf//

	jrefrmekdifiH.pD;yGm;a&;tajctaeokH;oyfcsufpmwrf;rsm;ukd 
usrwkdh
twdwfumvwGif tvDvDa&;om;jyKpkcJh}ujyD;jzpfygonf// 
usrwkdhxufusGrf;usifaocsmESHh
pyfaom ynm&Siftaygif;wkdh.okH;oyfcsufrsm;ukdvnf; 
usrwkdhzwf}um;cJhbll;onfht}udrf
aygif;vnf; tawmftoifhrsm;cJhjyD;jzpfygonf// 
umvtykdif;tjcm;ESifhaz:jycJhaomf
e0wtpkd;&.vufxufwGif (1988-97)ESpfwGif trsm;qkH;zwf&onf[kqkd&ygrnf//
	1991 ckESpfqkdAD,uf&k&Sm;wkdif;jynf}uD; 
&kwfw&ufjydKuGJjyD;onfhaemufykdif;
wGif urBm}uD;onf 
'Drkdua&pDtkyfcsKyfa&;pHepfzufokdhtiftm;ESifhul;ajymif;vmcJh
ygonf// TwGif ,cifqkdAD,ufykHpHpD;yGm;a&;pHepfwkdhonfvnf; 
'Drkdua&pDpD;yGm;a&;
ykHpHokdh pr;foyful;ajymif;cJhygonf//
	orkdif;jzpfpOftaejzifhaz:jyjcif;rjyKbJ vufawGhpD;yGm;a&;avmu
wGifjzpfay:aeaom ta}umif;t&mrsm;ukdomaumufcsufcsIaz:jy&rnfqkdygfv#if-
-	,aehtcsdefftcgwGif acwfaemufusaeaomekdifiHrsm;twGufpD;yGm;a7;
	tcGifhta&;wkdhukd&,lekdifaomtvm;tvm (Opportunities available 
to 
	developing countries) wkdhonf ,cifacwfrsm;url 
w}udrfwcgr#r&SdcJhyg//
-	
qif;&JaomjrefrmekdifiHvkdwkdif;jynfrsm;ESifhcsrf;omaomekdifiHrsm;t}um;
	jcm;em;jcif;onf {&mrus,fjyefhvmv#uf&Sdonf//
-	urBmwGifcsrf;omaomekdifiHrsm;. tvGef}uD;rm;aom"etiftm;wkdhonf
	rnfonfwkdhukdtajccHIjzpfay:oenf;[kppfaq;onfhtcg ta}umif;ESpf
	&yfukdawGh&Sd}u&ygrnf//
	(u) wkd;wufaomenf;ynmpkrsm; (advances technology)
	(c) ESpfaygif;}um&Snfpkaqmif;xm;aomaiG&if; (accumulated 
capital)
		wkhdjzpf}uygonf// 
	txufaz:jyyg (u)ESifh (c)wkdhukd tqifhtwef;rcGJjcm;bJtm;vkH; 
(tm;vkH;)
	aomwkdif;jynfrsm;u ,aeh&,lokH;pGJekdif}uygonf//
-	enf;ynmajymif;vGJ&,lekdifr_ESifhpyfvsOf;Iqkd&rnfjzpfygu 
,ckacwf
	tcgor,wGif 
wekdfifiHrSwekdifiHokdhenf;ynmvufajymif;jcif;tvkyfonf
	orkdif;wGifwcgbl;r# ,ckavmufv#ifjrefvG,fulpGm 
rjzpfay:cJhbl;yg//
-	o,f,lykdhaqmifa&;/ }udK;rJha}u;eef;qufoG,fa&;/ 
uGefjyLwmponfwkdhukd
	urBmtESHhokH;pGJr_a}umihf 
qif;&JonfhjrefrmekdfifiHponfhwkdif;jynfrsm;
	onfv#if urBmhpD;yGm;a&;e,fy,ftwGif;okdh 
wr[kwfcsif;0ifa&muf}uuf
	pm;&ef tcuftcJr&Sdyg// xkdhaemuf/ aemufqkH;ay:enf;ynmykdif;
	qkdif&mypPnf;pkrsm;.xl;jcm;csufwckukdvnf; 
usrwkdhawGhhjrif&ygao;onf//
	,if;tcsufrSm aemufqkH;ay:enf;ynmrsm;onf olwkdhtpm;xkdh;
	rnfhypPnf;a[mif;rsm;xufyif vG,fulpGmokH;pJGI&jcif;jzpfygonf//
-	tu,fIqif;&JaomekdifiHrsm;.tpkd;&rsm;ua&m/ 
aiG&if;ESD;jrKyfESHol
	rsm;uyg aemufqkH;ay:enf;ynmrsm;udk ukd,fykdif0,f,lrokH;pGJvkd
	ygu oifhavsmfaomtcESKef;xm;ay;um rdrdtvkyfukdusGrf;usifpGm

	aqmif&Gufay;rnfhukr`%Drsm;u 
olwkdhykdifypPnf;jzifhaqmif&Gufay;rnfjzpfonf//
	xkdha}umifhtbufbufwGiftusdK;&Sdonf//
-	,ckvkdqkdonfhtcg bma}umifhusrwkdhuJhokdhqif;&JaomekdifiHrsm;/ 
urBmay:wGif
	,aehwkdfiftESHhtjym;&Sdae}uovJ/ qkdonfhar;cGef;ay:ygonf// 
tajzrSm
	
pD;yGm;a&;OD;pD;acgif;aqmifr_ay:vpDnHhzsif;jcif;a}umifhjzpf&onf[k
	qkd&ygrnf//
-	pD;yGm;a&;ay:vpDonf 
pD;yGm;a&;zGHHhjzdK;r_ta}umif;aqG;aEG;onfhtcgwkdif;
	wGif a&Shwef;rSOD;pm;ay;ajym&aompum;vkH;jzpfygonf// Tay:vpD.
	atmufwGifatmufygtcsufrsm; t}uHK;0ifvmygvdrfhrnf// --
   (u) pD;yGm;a&;e,fy,fwGif (usm;)ekdifiHrsm;[kausmf}um;}uaom awmif
	ukd;&D;,m;/ a[mifaumif/ wkdif0rf/ puFmylekdifiHrsm;. 
tajccHtkwfjrpf
	onf olwdkhekdifiHtpdk;&wkdhu 
olwkdhjynfom;rsm;tm;pD;yGm;a&;vGwfvyfcGifh
	ay;jcif;jzpfonf// wenf;qkdaomf 
pD;yGm;a&;zGhHjzdK;r_t"duaomhcsufjzpf
	aom ypPnf;xkwfvkyfolrsm;ESifhpm;okH;olrsm;tm; 
olkwkdhESpfOD;ESpfbuf
	.tusdK;pD;yGm;ukdjzpfay:aponfh rnfonfhvkyfaqmifcsufukdrqkd 
tpkd;&u
	vGwffvyfcGifhjyKxm;jcif;jzpfonf//
   (c)  vGwfvyfaompD;yGm;a&;pHepfukdaqmif&Guf&mY t[efhtwm;jzpfaprnfh
	pnf;urf;Oya'rsm; uefhowfcsuf&Sdaea}umif;awGh&SdcJhv#if 
4if;wkdhtm;
	z,f&Sm;ay;onf//
   (*)  tvkyf&Sifwkdhukefxkwfvkyfr_ukd 
pGrf;tm;&SdoIaqmif&Gufekdif&efrufvkH;ay;onf//
   (C) ekdifiHjcm;&if;ESD;aiGrsm;ukdzdwfac:onf//
-	pD;yGm;a&;zGHHjzdK;r_ESifhywfoufI ,ckq,fpkESpfumvtwGif;wGif 
ekdifiH
	trsm;tjym;Y ynm&Sifwkdhuus,fjyefhpGmaqG;aEG;cJh}uonfrSm 
tHhrcef;
	&SdvSygonf// Tta&;wGifEdKb,fqk&pD;yGm;a&;ynm&Sifrsm;onfvnf;
	yg0ifv_yf&Sm;vm}uonfudkawGh&Sd&ygonf// 1995 ckESpfu pD;yGm;a&;
	Ekdb,fqkukdcsD;jrSifhjcif;cH&aomcsDum*kdwuUokdvfrS 
(a&mbwfvluyfpd).
	tqkdrSm  J J vlwkdh.csrf;oma&;twGuf 
pD;yGm;a&;ukdrnfuJhokdhvkyfaqmif
	ay;&rnfukd pOf;pm;}unfhvkdufrdv#if 
,if;tvkyfonfvGefpGmrS}uD;rm;
	us,fjyefhonfqkdonfukd tHhcref;cHpm;rdcJhygonf// 
Tw}udrfjzpfay:vkduf
	vsifyif tjcm;b,ft&mukdr#pdfwf0ifpm;rd}uvdrfhrnf[kusGefawmfrxif
	yg   J J [koluqkdonf//
-	jrefrmekdifiH.pD;yGm;a&;ukdavhvm}uaom urBmhb%f/ 
tjynfjynfqkdif&m
	aiGa}u;&HykHaiG/ 
tm&SzGhHjzdK;a&;b%fponfwkdh.tpD&ifcHpmrsm;ESifh
	jynfyekdifiHrsm;&SdpD;yGm;a&;ynm&Sifrsm;ESifh jynfya&muf
	jrefrmEG,fbGm;pD;yGm;a&;ynm&Sifrsm;. &_a'gifhtrsdK;rdsK;rS 
jrefrm
	ekdifiH.pD;yGm;a&;tajctaeukd pdppfa0zefonfhpmwrf;rsm;ukd
	usrwkdhzwf&_&ygonf// olwkdh.a0zefdcsufrsm;wGif r}umr}um 
usrwkdh
	awGh&aomrSwfcsufwckrSm 
jrefrmekdifiH.pD;yGm;a&;aqmif&Gufcsufrsm;ukd
	zwf&onfhtcg olwdkhwawGonf opfawmukdrjrif/ 
opfwyifcsif;omjrifonf/
	opfyifawGukdcsnf;jrifae&vkdh awmtkyfaysmufaea}umif; nD;nlae
	}uonfukd owdjyKrdonf// Tt"dy`g,frSm e0wtpkd;&.  J 
Jrufu&kdpD;yGm;a7;
	ay:vpDeJhtpDtpOfukd olwkdhem;rvnfekdifa}umif; J J 
ajymqkdjcif;jzpfonf//
	rufu&kdpD;yGm;a&;[kqkdonfhtcg pD;yGm;a&;wckvkH;wGif 
tusKH;0ifaom
tpdwftykdif;tm;vkH;ukd waygif;wpnf;wnf;jzpfatmifpkpnf;jyD; ekdifiHwck.
trdsK;om;0ifaiGonf rnfa&Ghrnfr#&Sd&rnf/ 
rnfr#aiGvkH;aiG&if;jrKyfESHrnf/ rnfr#pm;
okH;rnf/ pkaqmif;rnf/ ponfwkdhukd qkH;jzwfcsufcsjcif;ukdqkdvkdygonf//
	Ttcsufukdbwf*sufpmtkyfwkdif;wGifxdyfykdif;Ya&;xm;ygonf// a&;
xm;onfukdrawGh}ubl;vm;[kar;onfhtcgawGhygonf[kusGefrwkdhajym&ygrnf// 
vkyfenf;ykdif;
wGifrl &nfrSef;csufrsm;ukdtaumiftxnfaz:Iaqmif&Gufrnfhenf;vrf;rsm;ukd
rawGh}u&yg// wESpfjyD;wESpf 1962ckESpf.aemufykdif;ESpfrsm;wGif 

tpkd;&.bwf*sufonf
wcsufvGwftrdefhjzifh ('g[m'kdh&Jhbwf*sufyJ) qkdouJhokdh aqG;aEG;/ 
a0zef/ jzwfawmuf/ 
&Sif;jy/ ckcH/ xkacs/ paom jynfolhukd,fpm;vS,frsm;/ 
owif;pmponfhjynfolhbufrS
&yfwnfIa&;om;/ ajymqkd/ aqG;aEG;csufrsm;tv#if;rygaom tpkd;&tzGJhwck.
vkyfaqmifcsufoufoufr#tjzpfom &yfwnfaeonf//

aiGa}u;rl0g' 

	Tpmwrf;.a&ShrS pD;ygG;a&;tpD&ifcHpmacgif;pOfESifhwifjyaom
pmwrf;ukd}unfhygu tpkd;&.&okH;aiGacgif;pOfokH;rsdK;atmufwGifjyxm;aom 
vkdaiGrsm;/
Z,m;(4)aiGa}u;yrm%ESifhtaxGaxGpm;okH;p&dwfpHESKef;rsm;ukdawGh&ygvdrnf/
/ 
TonfwkdhrSm tpkd;&.aiGa}u;0g'udkn$efjyaeygonf// wESpfjyD;wESpfaiGa}u;
ykdIykdI&kdufxkwfaeykHESihf aiGawGwkd;xkwfay;aeoa&Gh 
taxGaxGpm;okH;p&dwf
pHESKef;awGqwkd; wkd;yGm;aeykHwkdhukd ESpfpOfjrifawGhae&ygvsuf 1991rS 
1996ckESpf
twGif; 'Dtwkdif;v$wfay;xm;onfhaiGa}u;ay:vpDukd 
rnfokdhac:&rnfukkdrod}uyg//
pD;yGm;a&;csGwfjcHKusaeaomwkdif;jynfwGif aiGa}u;yrm% 
(rnfr#wefbkd;xkwfay;rnf
[kowfrSwfjcif;) onf a&&SnftusdK;pD;yGm;;ukdar#mfjrifum tjrJavhvm/ 
tjrJukdifwG,f
ae}u&onfhudpPjzpfojzifh tvGefta&;}uD;ygonf// 
tvm;wlta&;}uD;onfhudpP&yfrsm;
rSm twkd;ESKef;xm;ESifh ekdifiHjcm;aiGvJvS,fESKef;wkdhjzpf}uygonf// 
TudpPokH;&yfonf quf
EG,fv#uf&Sd}uojzifh pD;yGm;a&;ppfrsufESmwGift"duus}uygonf// 
aiGa}u;ay:vpDukd
rEkdifeif;v#if wkdif;jynf.wnfjidrfr_udkxdckdufrnfjzpfygonf// 
TokH;csufukdwckcsif;oD;oefhukdif
wG,fIr&ekdif/ tu,fIaiGwkd;Ixkwfv#if 
ekdifiHjcm;aiGvJvS,fESKef;usqif;vdrfhrnf//rusqif;
apvkdygu twkd;ESkef;jrSifhwifay;&rnf// 
ekdifiHjcm;aiGvJvS,fESKef;wnfjidrfatmif
jyKvkyfxm;jcif; (Oyrm- Oa&my,leD,HuJhokdh) onf 
aiGa}u;aps;uGufwnfjidrfr_ukdtm
rcHay;ojzifh Oa&myekdifiHrsm;tcsif;csif;twGif;ukeful;oef;a&mif;0,fa&;
ukdzGhHjzdK;apygonf// twkd;ESKef;rsm;wnfjidrfaumif;rGefv#if 
aiGa}u;&if;ESD;jrKyfESHr_ukd
tm;ay;onf// aiGacs;,l&oklrsm;u 
twkd;ESKef;wnfjidrfr_ukd}udKufESpfouf}u.// aiGpuUL
&kdufESdyfjzefha0jcif;ukdoifhwifhavsmufywfatmif 
csdKhjcHusifhokH;onfhtcg aiGa}u;azgif;yGr_ukd
xdef;csKyfonfhoabmukdaqmifonf// vkyfcp&dwfrsm;rwufjcif;onfyifvsif 
pD;yGm;a&;ukd
taxmuftulrsm;pGmjyKayonf// TuJhokdhaomaiGa}u;ay:vpDukd 
usGefkyfwkdhawGhvkd
jrifvkd}uygonf//

b¾ma&;rl0g' -

	TudpPonf tpkd;&tzGJhwcku tcGeftaumufrsm;avsmhrnf-wkd;rnf// 
trsm;
jynfolESihfywfoufaomokH;pGJr_rsm;ukd wkd;rnf-avsmhrnf ponfhtjcif;t&m
rsm;ESifhygwfoufI bwf*sufwGifawGhjrifae}u&aomtcsufyifjzpfonf//
	vdrfrmyg;eyfI jynfolwkdhtwGufwm0ef,laomtkyfdcsKyfa&;rdsK;wGif 
txuf
tykd'fESpfykd'fwGifaz:jycJhaom aiGa}u;ay:vpDESifh b¾ma&;ay:vpDwkdhonf 
tpkd;&
wck.ukdifpGJaomvufeufESpfckjzpfjyD; tpkd;&.tokH;p&dwfukd 
tenf;qkH;jzpfekdifor#jzpfatmif
uspfvpfpGmokH;pGJjcif;jyKonf// tcGeftaumuf/ aumufcHESkef; 
enf;yg;ekdifor#
enf;yg;atmifaumufcHjyD;/ ukefypPnf;/ xGufukefxkwfvkyfa&; 
wkd;yGm;xkwfvkyfekdifatmif
pD;yGm;a&;zGHHjzdK;r_jrifhrm;atmifjyKvkyfekdifpGrf;&Sdaomtpkd;&rdsK;on
f wkdif;jynfukd
csrf;omatmifjyKaom tpkd;&rsdK;pm&if;wGifyg0if}uonf//
	pD;yGm;a&;tpDtpOfwckukdoma&;qGJjyD; xkdtpDtpOf.&nfrSef;csuf
jzpfaom 
ESpfpOfpD;yGm;a&;zGHhjzdK;r_udkb,fykHb,fenf;taumiftxnfaz:rnfukd 
*&krpkduf
aom pD;yGm;a&;tpDtpOf[lonf t"dy`g,fr&Sd// aehpOfaehpOfjzpfay:aeaom
pD;yGm;a&;/ ekdifiHa&;/ 0J*,ufwGif 
tajctaet&}unfhvkyfrnf[laomtpkd;&rsdK;onf

wkH;vkH;wvSnfh/ ab;wkdufwzkH/ arSmufvSefv#ufwrsdK;/ 
tpOfv_yf&Sm;aeaom0J}o*wGif
a&ay:arsmaeaom pD;yGm;a&;vlao}uD;vkdom c&D;oGm;&udef;&Sdayonf//
	ta&Shwkdif;jynfrsm;pD;yGm;a&;w[kefwkd;}uD;yGm;csrf;omvm}uonfh
vuQ%mwGif trsm;ajymprSwfjyKatmif aemufqkH;wef;wGifusef&pfcJhaom 
ajrmufukd&D;
,m;ekdifiHeSihf jrefrmekdifiHwkdh. wlnDaom}uHtifvuQ%mrsm;udkvnf; 
vltrsm;yifowfjyKrd
cJh}uygonf// tcsdkhu (26)ESpfwkdifatmif jrefrmekdfifiHonf/ {upm&/ 
wukd,fawmfusifh}uH
aecJhonfukdyif 
*k%f,l0ifh}uGm;pzG,fajymaeao;onfukdyif,aehwkdifatmifyifawGhekdifygonf/
/
jynfolrsm;.touftkd;tdrf/ pnf;pdrfrsm;onf tiftm;ukefcrf;/ 
jyKef;wD;qkH;&H_;r_rsm;
jzpf}uonfukd vkH;0ta&;rxm;/ *&krpkdufa}umif; 
[pfatmfa}uG;a}umfaeouJhokdh jzpf
ayonf// tHh}obG,fyifwnf;// 
tm&SwkdfufwGifpD;yGm;a&;tvGwfvyfqkH;ekdifiHrsm;onf
tzGhHjzdK;qkH;ekdifiHrsm;jzpf}uonf// vlaer_tqifhtwef;tjrifhrm;qkH;/ 
ynma&;tqifhtwef;
jrifhrm;ojzifh txufwef;usaomtvkyftukdifrsm;yif 
usGrf;usifaomtvkyform;rsm;
tjzpfjzifh omrmefxufjrifhaomvkyfc0ifaiGrsm;ukd&,lekdif}uonf// 
ykdIrSwfom;bG,f
aumif;onfrSm tv,ftvwfvlwef;pm;rsm;onf csrf;omvmojzihf 
vkyfief;wGif&if;ESD;
aiGykdIxnfh0ifvmekdif}uonf// aps;uGuftwGif;ykdIqe;fjym;xkdufwefaom 
ukefpnfopf
rsm;xkwfvkyfpm;okH;vmekdif}uonf// vlr_a&;/ 
usrf;rma&;wkdh.tqifhtwef;vnf;jrifhwuf
vm}uukefonf// vlhb0ukdolwkdhxkdufxkdufwefwef aeekdif/ pm;ekdif/ 
aqmufwnfekdif}uukef.//
	,if;okdhaomb0rsdK;ukdwnfaqmufekdifcJhjcif;rSm 
pD;yGm;a&;vGwfvyfr_ukd
tjynfht0&&Sdjcif;a}umihfom jzpfay:cJh&onf// 
jynfolwkdhukdpD;yGm;a&;vGwfvyfcGifhray;
cJhaomrm;ukdpfh.vufatmufwGifusa&mufcJhaom zDvpfykdifwkdif;jynfonf 
vbfpm;jcif;/
t*wdvkdufpm;jcif;/ rm;ukdpfh.aqGrsdK;wokdufwkdhtwGif;a0pm;jcif;/ 
(Crony Capitalism) 0g'rsdK;a}umihf tm&Swkduf.zGHHjzdK;r_acwfwGif 
aemufususef&pf
cJhavonf// 
	a[mifaumif}uD;yGm;csr;foma&;wGift"duusaom 
tpdk;&ykdif;.aqmif&Gufcsuftenf;
i,fukdqufvufaz:jytyfygonf// a[mifaumiftpkd;&onf 
trsm;jynfolrsm;twGufokH;pGJaiG
udk pkpkaygif;ukefxkwfpGrf;tm; (GDP) . 20 % 
atmufwGifxm;&Sdjcif;jzpfygonf// okdhpOf
vsuf a[mifaumifvlOD;a&.xuf0ufcefhukd 
aexkdif&eftkd;tdrfrsm;wnfaqmufay;ekdifjcif;/
ynma&;wGifaiGa}u;ajrmufrsmpGm⇔ESD;xnfhoGif;ay;ekdifjcif;ESifh
taemufOa&myekdifiHrsm;tqifhtwef;eSifhwlnDaom usef;rma&;/ vlr_a&;/ 
qkdif&mtaqmuftOD;rsm;udk wnfaqmufay;ekdifcJhjcif;jzpfayonf// 
	tESpfom&&Sdaom rufu&kdpD;yGm;a&;ay:vpDESifh 
aiGa}u;okH;pGJjcif;
ay:vpDwkdha}umifh aiGokH;pGJ&mwGif vkdtyfaeoavmuf (What is demanded) 
okH;pGJjcif;rsdK;ukdrusifhokH;bJ/ jzpfekdifoavmuf (What is possible) 
ukdom okH;pGJ
ojzifhvnf;aumif;/ jynfolwkdhtwGufokH;pGJ&mYvnf; 
a&&SnfpD;yGm;a&;zGhHjzdK;r_udktaxmuf
tuljyKrnfhvkyfief;rsm;YomtokH;jyKojzifh 
a[mifaumif.pD;yGm;a&;zGhhHjzdK;r_
t&Sdeft[kefonf (35)ESpf}umatmifwqufwnf;wkd;wufcJh&m vlwOD;csif;0ifaiG
onf (530) &mckdifESKH;jrihfrm;cJhjyD; 
taemufOa&myekdifiH.tqifhtwef;okdhwuf
vSrf;ekdifcJhonf//
	a[mifaumifwGifumuG,fa&;p&dwfukefusr_onf tvGefenf;yg;.// vGwf
vyfaomukefoG,fr_wGif tar&duefekdifiHESifhcsdwfqGJxm;ojzifh 
tar&duefaps;uGufrsm;ESihf
Oa&myaps;uGufrsm;wGif a[mifaumifxGufukefypPnf;rsm;aumif;pGmwGifus,f
aeayonf// tem*wfwGif tqifhtwef; (Quality driven growth) jrihfonfh
wnfxGifr_t&if;wnfypPnf;rsm;xkwfvkyfa&mif;csr_ukdtajccHaomypPnf;rsm;

xGufay:vmekdifrnfjzpfonfhtcg ,ckxufyif ekdifiHa&;wnfjidrfr_/ 
vGwfvyfr_kwkdhudk
tmrcH&Sdaprnf[lIyifcedfhrSef;&ayonf//

pD;yGm;a&;vGwfvyfr_tqifhZ,m; -

	urBmay:&SdekdifiHrsm;wGif pD;yGm;a&;vGwfvyfr_tqifhtwef;rsm;
Z,m;xkwfvkyfxm;onfukd r}umrDuawGh&SdcJh&m/ Tae&mYtusOf;az:jyvkdygonf//
	1// yxrZ,m;wGiftmz&duekdifiHrsm;eSifh -
		(1) 
ta&Shtv,fykdif;ekdifiHrsm;.pD;yGm;a&;vGwfvyfr_ESifh 0ifaiGrsm;
			(,if;ukda':vm 5000rS 25000 twGif;/ ig;axmif
			wuefhpDjcm;Ijyxm;ygonf/ ) ESKdif;,SOfcsuf//
		(2) tm&SESifhypdzdwfe,f-
		(3) Oa&myESifhajrmuftar&duef -
		(4) vufwiftar&duefESihfuma&Ad,ef -
		(5) tv,ftar&duefESifh uma&Ad,ef 
ponfjzifhcGJjyxm;ygonf//
	2// 
rnfonfhtcsufrsm;ay:wGiftrSwfay;owfrSwfcsufjyKonfqkdonfhtao;pdwf//
	3// ekdifiHtvkduftajctaewkdhukdjyoxm;ygonf//
		Z,m;wGifowfrSwfcsufjyKaomtcsuf (10)yg0if&m -
		(1) ukefoG,fa&;ay:vpD/
		(2) taumuftcGefay:vpD/
		(3) pD;yGm;a&;ukefxkwfvkyfr_wGif 
tpkd;±okH;r_&mckdifESkef;/
		(4) aiGa&;a}u;a&;ay:vpD/
		(5) &if;ESD;aiGpD;0ifr_ESifh jynfy&if;ESD;r_
		(6) b%fay:vpD
		(7) vpm/ vkyfcESihf aps;ESkef;uefhowfcsufrsm;
		(8) ykdifqkdifr_tcGifhta&;rsm;
		(9) uefhowfOya'rsm;
		(10) arSmifckdaps;rsm;
	txufyg (10)csufwkdhwGif wkdif;jynfwckcsif;twGuf/ 
eHygwffwckpDtwGuf (5)
rSwfpDay;jyD;aemuf (10)ESifhpm;um zsrf;r#*%ef;ukd,l&onf// 
,ckukefoG,fa&;
ay:vpDwckudk rnfokdhpDppfqkH;jzwfykHukd erlemtjzpfwifjyygrnf// 

ukefoG,fa&;ay:vpD

	pD;yGm;a&;vGwfvyfr_wkdfif;xGm&mYaomhcsufusojzifh tpkd;&wcku 
ekdiffiH
jcm;ukefoG,fa&;YvGwffvyfcGifhray;v#if 
pD;yGm;a&;zGHhjzdK;r_ukdwkduf&kduft[efhtwm;
jzpfap./? pifppfukefoG,fa&;ay:vpDonf 
zGhHjzdK;pekdifiHwck.pufr_pD;yGm;a&;okdh
ajymif;vJ&efaomhcsufta}umif;t&mwckvnf;jzpfonf// 
	ukefoG,fa&;onfekdifiHwck.vkyfief;rsm;ukd tpGrf;ukef 
ukefxkwffvkyfekfdif
ap&ef rdrdekdifiHwGif;wGifr&ekdifaom 
ekdifiHjcm;wkdif;jynfrsm;rSvkdtyfor#aomukef}urf;
jzifh 0efaqmifr_ypPnf;pkrsm;ukd 
rdrdwkdfif;jynftwGif;okdhwifoGif;r_&Sdaptyfonf//
xkdr#ru urBm.us,fjyefhaomaps;uGufrsm;qDokdh 
rdrdwkdif;jynf.xGufukefrsm;ukdvnf;
ykdhay;ekdif&efjzpfonf//

vkyfenf;

	wkdif;jynfwjynf.ukefoG,fa&;ay:vpDudktuJjzwf&mwGif xkdufoifhaom
taumufESKef;xm;ukdtokH;jyKygonf// ESKef;xm;ukdrlwnfjyD; trSwf(1)rS 
(5)txdtrSwf
ay;onf// taumufESKef;xm;rsm;av/ trSwfrsm;avjzpfonf// omrefxm;oifhaom
taumufcGefESKef;ukd (GATT) tjynfjynfqkdif&moabmwlxm;aomESKef;ESifh 
tjynf
jynfqkdif&m&HykHaiG (IMF) rS&,lxm;onf// TuJhokdhr&ekdifonfhtcgwGif 
ppfwrf;xkwfolrsm;
ujynfwGif;okdh0ifvmaomukefypPn;frsm;rSaumuf,laomtcGefESifh 
ypPnf;wefbkd;wkdhukd
&mckdifESKef;wGufcsufum&,lonf// oGif;ukefvkdifpifxkwfay;&mY 
wif;}uyfaomtajctae/
ukefuehfowfr_tajctae/ oGif;ukefppfaq;jcif;wkdh.wif;}uyfr_ponfwkdh
&Sd - r&Sdukdvnf; xnfhoGif;umpOf;pm;,l}uonf// wif;}uyfr_rsm;&Sdv#if 
(1)rSwfwkd;onf//

trSwfay;ykH
	trSwf		uehfowfr_	pHESKe;f
	1// 		tvGefenf;	zsrf;r#taumufcGefESKef; 4% 
twGif;
	2//		enf;		5-9 %
	3//		toifhtwifh	10-14 %
	4//		rsm;		15-19 %
	5//		tvGefrsm;	20 % ESifhtxuf
	tvm;wlygtxufwGifaz:jycJhaomtcsuf (10)csufvkH;wGif 
wckcsif;ppfaq;
tuJjzwf}uygonf// 

jrefrmekdifiH.pD;yGm;a&;ppfwrf;ESifhygwfoufIaumufESKwfcsufrsm;ukd 
wifjyygrnf//

eHygwf (1) ukefoG,fa&;ay:vpD
	&&SdaomtrSwf		5 + 	(twm;tqD;tvGefjrifhrm;onf)

	jrefrmekdifiHwGifzsrf;r#tcGefpnf;}uyfr_onf 
(15)&mckdifESKef;jzpfonf// Tokdhjzpf
&onfrSm taumuftcGefESKef;onf wqifhjyD;wqifhjrifhwufonfhykHpHjzifh 
pufypPnf;/ 
t&HypPnf; (pyg,f,mywfpf)ESifh 
jrefrmekdifiHokdhwifykdhaeaomypPnf;pkrsm;ukd
30% txdaumuf,laoma}umihfjzpfonf// tcGefukdw&m;0ifr[kwfbJtusifhysuf
e,fjcm;apmifht&m&Sdrsm;ukdvbfay;&jcif;/ tvGefwif;}uyfpGmppfaq;jcif;
wkdhrSvGwfatmifvbfay;&jcif;/ tjcm;oGif;ukeft[efhtwm;wkdha}umifhvnf;
jzpf&a}umif;//

eHygwf (2) taumuftcGef
	&rSwf		0ifaiGcGef	2rSwf (enf;onf)
	&rSwf		ukr`%DcGef	3rSwf (oifhonf)
	aemufqkH;ESpfckaygif;		3rSwf (oifhonf)
	jrefrmekdifiHwGif tjrifhqkH;tcGef&mckdifESKef; 
(30)txd&Sdygonf// okdh&mwGif
omreftcGefxrf;onf (3)&mckdifESKef;omay;&ygonf// 
a&mif;&ukefay:rSmrlwnfI
5-25 &mckdifESKef;txdaumuf,laomtcGefrsm;vnf;&Sdygonf//

eHygwf (3) tpkd;&upD;yGm;a&;xGufukefpm;okH;r_
	&rSwf		5 + (tpkd;±okH;r_tvGefrsm;)
	jrefrmekdifiH.pD;yGm;a&;onf 
tpkd;&.csKyfukdifr_tvGefrsm;aompD;yGm;a&;
jzpfojzifh wkdif;jynf.ukefxkwfpGrf;tm;trsm;qkH;onf 
tpkd;&.yif&if;rSxkwf,l
&&Sdonfjzpfonf//

eHygwf (4) aiGa&;/ a}u;a&;ay:vpD
	&rSwf		4- (aiGa}u;azgif;yGr_tvGefrsm;)
	1985ckESpfrS 1993ckESpftxd 
ykHrSefESpfpOfaiGa}u;azgif;yGr_ESKef;
onf 26  h 7 &mckdifESKef;jzpfonf// 1994 ckESpfwGif 
aiGa}u;azgif;yGr_onf 35
&mckdifESKef;jzpfonf//

eHygwf (5) &if;ESD;aiGpD;0ifykHESifh ekdifiHjcm;&if;ESD;r_
	&rSwf		4- (wnfjidrf)
	jrefrmekdifiHY &if;ESD;jrKyfESH&efuefhowfcsufrsm;pGm&Sdonf// 
tcsdKhaompD;yGm;a&;
tykdif;wkdhukd ekdifiHjcm;&if;ESD;jrKyfESHr_cGihfjyKxm;aomfvnf; 
trsm;pkrSmekdifiHjcm;
&if;ESD;aiG0ifa&mufvmr_ukd wm;qD;xm;vsuf&Sd.// 
AsK&kdua&pDpHepf}uD;rm;pGm
&SdjyD; ekdifiHjcm;&if;ESD;aiGrsm;ukd[efhwm;ouJhodkhjzpfapaom 
jcpm;r_rsm;
us,fjyefhpGm&Sdonf///

eHygwf (6) b%fvkyfief;
	&rSwf		4+ 	
(b%fvkyfief;wGifuefhowfcsufjrifhrm;onf)
	jrefrmekdifiHYb%fvkyfief;onf 
t&mcyfodrf;tpkd;&uvkH;vkH;vsm;vsm;csKyfukdif
xm;onfqkd&ravmuftajctaeYwnf&Sdonf// 
tjydKiftqkdifvkyfykdifcGifhtenf;i,f
om&Sdonf// yk*~vdub%frsm; wpwpxlaxmifvmvsuf&Sdonf//

eHygwf (7) vcESifhukefaps;ESkef;rsm;owfrSwfcsufrsm;
	&rSwf		4+
	vkyfief;rsm;pGmY (c&D;o,faqmifcponfh tcsdKhaomv,f,mxGufukef
rsm;tp&SdonfwkdhY) tpkd;&uaps;ESKef;rsm;ukduefhowfay;onf// ,cktcg 
aps;eSef;
uefhowfcsufrsm; avsmhayghay;jcif;rsm;vnf;jzpfay:vmonf//

eHygwf (8) ypPnf;ykdifqkdifr_tcGifhta&;rsm;
	&rSwf		4+ 	(wnfjidrf) 
(yk*~vduykdifqkdifr_rsm;ukdtumtuG,fay;r_
tqifhedrfhusonf//)
	ekdifiHjcm;om;rsm;ykdif 
&if;ESD;jrKyfESHxm;aomtaqmuftOD;rsm;ukd jynfolykdif
jyKvkyfr_tufOya'rsm;rS vGwfuif;cGifhay;xm;aomfvnf; 
jrefrmekdifiHom;wkdhykdifqkdif
aom ypPnf;taqmuftODwkdhrlum; jynfolykdifOya'ESihfrvGwfruif;&Sdayonf//
tpkd;&t&m&Sdrsm;.bufvkdufr_&Sdaeojzifhvnf; yk*~vduykdifypPnf;rsm;ukd 
tumtuG,f
ay;r_&&Sdbkdh&ef cJ,Of;ygrnf//

eHygwf (9) Oya'rsm; (uehfowfjcif;)
	&rSwf		5	(wnfjidrf) 
(pnf;urf;rsm;tvGefjrifhrm;onf//)

jrefrmekdifiHYpD;yGm;a&;xlaxmifbkdhta&;onf tcsdefvnf;}umjrifhwefonf// 
aiGukefa}u;usvnf;rsm;wwfygonf// AsK&kdua&pD,EW&m;}uD;onfcspm;jyD; 
vbfukdvnf;
r}umc%ar#mfvifhwwfygonf// wcgw&HwGif Oya'rsm;ukdtokH;jyK&mY 
w}udrfESifhw}udrf
rwlbJ cGJjcm;jyKjyifwwfaomoabm/ rnDrnGwftokH;jyKwwfaomoabmukdvnf;
awGh}u&ygonf//


eHygwf (10) arSmifckdaps;
	7rSwf		5	(wnfjidrf) 
arSmifckdaps;uGufaqmif&GufcsuftvGefjrifhrm;onf//
	jrefrmekdifiH.arSmifcdkaps;onf qufvufI&Sifoefaeygonf// 
t"duae&mrsm;
rSm vlokH;ukefypPnf;rsm;ESihf taemufekdifiHrsm;rSckd;,lokH;pGJaom 
pmay/ AD'D,kd
ponfwkdhjzpf}uonf// 
jrefrmekdifiH.pD;yGm;a&;&mtajcjyZ,m;ukdcsKyfvkdufonfhtcgwGif

pOf	tm;vkH;aygif;			&rSwf		trSwfaygif;
1/	ukefoG,fa&;			5
2/	tcGef				3
3/	tpkd;±okH;r_			5
4/	aiGa}u;ay:vpD			4
5/	ekdifiHjcm;&if;ESD;			4
6/	b%f				4
7/	vpm- ukefaps;ESKef;		4
8/	ypPnf;vkHjcHKa&;			4
9/	Oya'rsm;			5
10/ 	arSmifckdaps;			5

yxrqifh
	trSwff 1  h99 ESifhatmuftrSwfrsm;&&SdaomekdifiHrsm;rSm 
vGwfvyfaompD;yGm;a&;
tqifh&&Sd}uonf//

'kwd,qifhf
	2rSwfrS 2  h99twGif;yg0ifaomwkdif;jynfrsm;rSm (trsm;tm;jzifh
vGwfvyfonf[kowfrSwf&onf//

wwd,qifh
	3rSwfrS 3  h99 ekdifiHrsm;rSm (trsm;tm;jzifhrvGwfvyf) 
[kowfrSwf&onf//

pwkxWqifh
	4rSSwfrStxufekdifiHrsm;rSm (zdESdyfcHpD;yGm;a&;)ekdifiHrsm;[k 
owfrSwfjcif;
jyK}uonf//

xkdif;ekdifiH

	xkdif;ekdifiHukdtxufygtwkdif;owfrSwfcsufjyKonfhtcg 2  
h3rSwfjzifh 'kwd,tqifh
&Sdonf// xkdif;ekdifiHwGif (eHygwf 3) tpkd;±okH;r_onf *sD'DyD. 9  
h&omv#if&Sdonf// 
(eHygwf 4) aiGa}u;azgif;yGr_ESKef;onf 1985 ckESpfrS 1993 ckESpftwGif;
ESpfpOf 5  h1 r#om&Sdonf// (eHygwf 8) 
ykdifqkdfifr_ukdxda&mufpGmumuG,fay;.// 
w&m;&kH;rsm;uyg tmrcH.//

a[mifaumif

	a[mifaumifonf 1  h25 ESihf 
vGwfvyfaompD;yGm;a&;pHepfwnfaqmufaom
ekdifiHtqifhwGif&&Sdonf// a[mifaumifY 
oGif;ukefypPnf;rsm;twGuftaumuftcGefay;
aqmif&efrvkd/ tcsdKhaomypPnf;rsm;twGuf taumufcGefESKef;xm;rSm (1  
h5)om
&Sdonf// omrefvlwa,mufonf 0ifaiG. 2 &mckdifESKef;ukdom tcGefay;aqmif
&.// 0ifaiGaumif;olonf 20 &mckdifESKef;/ ukr`%DtcGefrSm 16  h5 
&mckdifESKef;
wajy;nDay;aqmif&.// tpkd;&pD;yGm;a&;xGufukefpm;okH;r_onf 8 
&mckdifESKef;
r#om&Sd.// aiGa}u;azgif;yGr_ESKef;edrfh.// 
ekdifiHjcm;&if;ESD;r_udkwm;qD;
jcif;r&Sdoavmuf[kqkd&.// tpkd;&onfvpmESihfaps;ESKef;rsm;ukd 
uefhowfcGifh&,lxm;
aomfvnf; w}udrfwcgr#0ifa&mufpGufzufjcif;r&Sdyg// 
aiG&if;ESD;jrKyfESHvkdolrsm;tm;
tumtuG,ftjynfht0ay;.// tvkyfpwifvkyfukdifvkdolrsm;twGuf tvGef&Sif;aom
vkdifpifukd av#muf,l&.// uefhowfr_tenf;i,fr#om&SdI 
&if;ESD;&efa&mufvmoltm;
0efxkyf0efykd; rjzpf/ 
arSmifckdaps;qkdonfrSmr&Sdoavmufjzpfonf[kqkdygonf// a[mifaumif
 .tqifhonfyxrwef;jzpfonf// &onfhtrSwfrSm  1  h25jzpfygonf//
	pD;yGm;a&;zGhHjzdK;r_ukd urBmwGif 
wkdif;jynfwkdif;urdrd}udKuf&mtcsdefY qkH;jzwfcsuf
jyKum zGHhjzdK;atmifvkyfekdifonf[k usrwkdh,kH}unfygonf// 
vkdufemusifhokH;&efcufcJaom
enf;rsm;vnf;r[kwfyg//
	
pD;yGm;a&;zGhHjzdK;r_vrf;ukdvkdufIr&atmifwkwfaESmifxm;aom}udK;rsm;
tu,fI&Sdaea}umif; rdrdwkdhbmomoabmaygufvmonfhtcgwGif 
,if;uJhokdhaom}udK;rsm;
onfb,fta}umif;t&mrsm;a}umifhjzpfay:vm&onfukd 
&J0HHhpGm}unfh0HHhaomowWd&Sdbkdh
omvkdrnf[k usrwkdh,kH}unf}uonf// pD;yGm;a&;ESifhroufqkdifaom 
tjcm;aomtawG;tac:
rsm;rSoufqif;um pD;yGm;a&;ukdaESmif}udK;vmwnf;}uonfukdvnf; 
awGh&Sd&bG,f&Sdvdrfhrnf
[k usrwkdhoHo,&Sdonf// rqDqkdifaomae&mrsm;uvmonf[kawGh&v#if 
xkd}udK;rsm;ukd
jzwfawmufypf&ef 0efav;aebG,fr&SdjyD[k xifygonf// 

pD;yGm;a&;

	1965ckESpfESifh 1993ckESpft}um; (28)ESpfumvtwGif;wGif
ta&Shtm&SwkduftwGif;&Sd awmifukd&D;,m;/ a[mifaumifESihf 

wkdif0rfwkdhwGif vlwOD;
csif;0ifaiGonf okH;qwkd;yGm;cJhI awmiftm&Swkduf[kac:qkdaom xkdif;/ 
rav;&Sm;
ESihf tif'kdeD;&Sm;wkdhwGifESpfqwkd;cJhygonf// awmifukd&D;,m;/ 
a[mifaumifESifh
pifumylwkdh.}uD;yGm;csrf;omjcif;tqifhtwef;onf 
zGHhjzdK;jyD;pufr_ekdifiHwkdh.
tqifhtwef;uJhokdhwef;wljzpfvmcJhonf//
	(u) xkdekdifiHrsm;}uD;yGm;vm&jcif;. t"dutajccHonf 
a&&SnfwnfwefhI
tajcckdifrmjcif;&Sdaomrufc&kdpD;yGm;a&;ay:vpDrsm;ukd 
csrSwfusifhokH;jcif;
	(c) vl.t&nftcsif;ESifh t&nftaoG;wkd;wufr_&Sdap&ef (ynma&;/ 
avhusifha&;/ tvkyfcGifusGrf;usifr_wkdh 
wkd;wufzGhhHjzdK;ap&ef&nf&G,faom) vkHavmuf
aom&if;ESD;aiGukd pkdufxkwfokH;pGJjcif;/
	(*) aps;uGufpD;yGm;a&;zGhHjzdK;atmifaqmif&GufbG,f&mwkdhukd 
pdwfyg
vufyg xda&mufpGmusifhokH;az:aqmifjcif;wkdha}umifhjzpfygonf// 
-	jrefrmekdifiHtwGufvkdtyfcsufrsm;teuf yxrOD;pm;ay;xkdufonf
rSmtajccHvlaer_tqifhtwef;ukdjrSifhwifay;jcif;jzifh ,ckusa&mufae
aom aehpOfxrif;eyfrSefrSefrpm;ekdif}ujcif;/ rdom;pk0ifaiGrsm;
tm;vkH; tvkyfukd,fpDxGuf&Smvkyfukdifpm;aomuf}u&jcif;/ tvGefqif;
&JpGmaexkdif}u&jcif;/ uav;rsm;ukdausmif;rSxkwfum tvkyfcGifwGif
ckdif;ap&jcif;/ ponfh qif;&JwGif;rSq,f,lbkdhjzpfygonf//
-	'kwd,OD;pm;ay;vkyfaqmif&rnfrSm rufc&kdpD;yGm;a&;ay:
	vpDukdrSefuefpGmcsrSwfaqmif&Guf&efjzpfygonf// TudpPwGif 
ESpfpOf&-okH;
	aiGwGif}uD;rm;aomtE_wfvuQ%mjyr_onf 
tqkd;0g;qkH;tcsufjzpfygonf//
	xkdta}umif;a}umihf aiGpuULrsm;tajrmuftjrm;&kdufxkwfumvkdaiGukd
	ax&jcif;jzpfvmygonf// aiGpuULrsm;ta}umi;fjyKum aiGazgif;yG
	vmr_/ ukefaps;eSkef;jrifhrm;r_wkdhonfvnf;jzpfay:vm}uojzifh 
TuGif;quf
	ukdjzwfawmufypf&ygrnf// vufawGhrusaomaiGa}u;vJvS,fESKef;rsm;
	ukdvnf; yg,fzsuf&ygrnf//
-	usyfaiGukdawmifhwif;atmifjyKjcif;ukd wwd,tqifhwGifxm;&ygrnf// 
jzKef;
	wD;r_trsdK;pkHukd&yfpJ&ygrnf// 
b%fvkyfief;qkdif&mOya'pnf;rsOf;rsm;
	
wGifyGifhvif;aomaiGpm&if;;rsm;xm;&Sdppfaq;cHekdifonfhtqifhtwef;
	xlaxmifjcif;/ tpdk;&.tm%mpufrv$rf;ekdifaomb%frsm;ukd}uD;}uyf
	aomtm%mykdiftzGJhtpnf;rsm;xlaxmif&efukdvnf; 'Drkdua&pDpHepf
	ESihftnD xm;7Sdaptyfygonf//

-jyD;-
















______________________________________________________
Get Your Private, Free Email at http://www.hotmail.com