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DASSK's Speech in 26-4-99
trsdK;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyf
trSwf (97§c)/ taemufa&$*Hkwdkifvrf;
A[ef;òr?e,f/ &efukefòr?
trsdK;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyf/ taxGaxGtwGif;a&rª; a':atmifqef;pk=unf
(26-4-99)&ufae@wGif ajym=um;aomrdef@cGef;rS aumufE_wfcsufrsm;
'Dar;cGef;uawmh ?,ckvuf&Sdtpdk;& usifhoHk;aewJh EdkifiHa&rl0g'u b,fvdk
EdkifiHa&rl0g'ygvJ?wJh?
tckvuf&Sdtpdk;&uawmh ppftm%m&Siftpdk;&qdkawmh EdkifiHa&rl0g' r&Sdygbl;?
EdkifiHa&rl0g'qdkwm EdkifiHa&orm;awGrSmom &SdEdkifwmyg?
ppftm%m&Siftpdk;&qdkwmuawmh 'guawmh ppfa&eJ@yJ/ ppftjrifeJ@yJ EdkifiHudk
tkyfcsKyfrSmyJvdk@ 'DvdkyJ usrwdk@uawmh xifygw,f?
'Dawmh usrwdk@taeeJ@ 'Drdkua&pDudk ,Hk=unfw,fqdkwm[m ?ppfa&tjrifeJ@
tkyfcsKyfa&udk atmifjrifpGm rvkyfEdkifbl;?qdkwm usrwdk@ ,Hk=unfvdk@yJ/
wyfrawmfudk rav;pm;vdk@ r[kwfbl;? wyfrawmf&J? u¾[m wyfrawmf&J? u¾yJ/
ppftkyfcsKyfa&pepfqdkwm wyfrawmftwGif;rSmyJ &Sd&r,f? wdkif;jynfeJ@t0Srf;rSm
&Sdzdk@qdkwmuawmh roifhawmfbl;? bmjzpfvdk@vJqdkawmh usrwdk@ EdkifiH[m
ppfajrjyifrS r[kwfyJ/ ppfajrjyifrSm tkyfcsKyfwJhenf;eJ@ EdkifiHwEdkifiHudk
tkyfcsKyfzdk@qdkwm rjzpfbl;? wyfrawmf&J? pnf;urf;/ pnf;rsOf;awG/
vkyfxHk;vkyfenf;awGqdkwm[m ppfajrjyifrSm atmifEdkifr_&zdk@twGuf
vkyfxm;wJhpnf;rsOf;pnf;urf;awG/ vkyfxHk;vkyfenf;awGjzpfw,f? bmudkrqdk
ol@ae&meJ@ ol@ae&meJ@/ ol@u¾eJ@ ol@u¾eJ@qdk&if qDavsmfygw,f? wyfrawmf[m
wyfrawmf&J?ae&mrSm ae+yD;awmh wyfrawmf&J?u¾udk *k%foa&oduQm&Sd&SdeJ@
xkwfaz:r,fqdkvdk@&Sd&if usrwdk@tm;vHk; vufcHEdkifw,f? usrwdk@tm;vHk;
av;pm;w,f?
usrwdk@tm;vHk; tm;ay;w,f? 'gayr,fh EdkifiHwEdkifiHudk tkyfcsKyfwJhae&mrSmawmh
EdkifiHa&rlt& EdkifiHa&0g'wckeJ@ tkyfcsKyf&rSm?
'Dawmh 'DEdkifiHa&0g'awGtrsm;}uD;xJrSmrS usrwdk@ b,f0g'udk tav;xm;vJqdkawmh
'Drdkua&pD0g'udk tav;xm;w,fqdkwm 'g trsm;todyJ? jynfolvlxkuvnf;
'Drdkua&pD0g'udk a&G;cs,fw,fqdkwm 1990 jynfhESpf a&G;aumufyGJrSm
xkwfaz:+yD;om;jzpfygw,f? 'Drdkua&pD0g'omvsif vGwfvyfwJhEdkifiHwckeJ@
qDavsmfw,fqdkwmuawmh azazuae vGwfvyfa&r&cifuwnf;u ajymoGm;+yD;om;jzpfw,f?
bmjzpfvdk@vJ tJovdk ajym&vJqdkawmh vGwfvyfwJhEdkifiHrSmqdkvdk@&Sd&if
jynfolvlxk[m vGwfvyfrS wu,fhudk vGwfvyfwJhEdkifiHvdk@ ac:&vdrfhr,f?
jynfolvlxku
rdrdwdk@&J? tcGifhta&awG tjynfht0r&SdyJeJ@ jynfolvlxk[m vHkðcHr_
vGwfvyfr_r&Sdbl;qdk&if EdkifiHwEdkifiHudk vGwfvyfw,fvdk@ b,fvdkrS
ac:vdk@r&bl;?
'Dawmh vGwfvyfwJhEdkifiHrSm jynfolvlxku vGwfvyfzdk@/ jynfolvlxku rdrdwdk@&J?
&oifh&xdkufwJhtcGifhta&awGeJ@ jynfhpHkzdk@qdkwm bmvdk@vJqdk&if
'Drdkua&pDpepfvdkw,f? 'D[mudkvnf; usrwdk@ xyfwvJvJ ajym+yD;oGm;+yD?
usrwdk@ 'Dvdkajym&jcif;[m 'Drdkua&pDqdkwm ajcmufypfuif; oJvJpifpepfrsdK;
r[kwfygbl;? usrwdk@ ykxkZOfvlom;awG[m ajcmufypfuif;oJvJpifr[kwfygbl;? wu,fawmh
usrwdk@ xGifvdkwJh EdkifiHa&pepfqdkwmawGqdkwm[m ajcmufypfuif;oJvJpifawmh
rjzpfEdkifygbl;? odk@aomfvnf; EdkifiHa&eJ@ ywfoufwJh
ynm&Sif}uD;rsm;ajymoGm;ovdk vlom;rsm;[m 'Drdkua&pDeJ@
xdkufwefwJht&nftcsif;awGvnf; &Sdw,f? 'Drdkua&pD r&Sdrjzpf vdktyfapwJh
tm;enf;csufawGvnf; &Sdw,f? ajymcsifwmuawmh usrwdk@&J?
tm;enf;csufawGa=umifhrdk@vdk@/ vlrsm;&J? tm;enf;csufawGa=umifhrdk@vdk@
'Drdkua&pDpepfeJ@ vlawGudk xdef;odrf;xm;wm? tpdk;&vkyfwJhvlawGudk
xdef;odrf;xm;wm? tpdk;&qdkwmvnf; vlawGeJ@ vkyfxm;wm? tpdk;&omqdkwm ewfawGrS
r[kwfyJ? vlawGuae wuf+yD; tpdk;& vkyfwmyJ? tJ'Dawmh vlawG&J? tm;enf;csufudk
xdef;odrf;xm;zdk@ 'Drdkua&pDpepfqdkwm vdkw,f? 'gayr,fh wbufu
jyef=unfhvdk@&Sd&ifvnf; vlawGu tm;omcsufawG&Sdvdk@ 'Drdkua&pDpepfu
atmifjrifEdkifw,f? 'Drdkua&pDpepfudk atmifatmifjrifjrif vufawG@ususeJ@
taumiftxnfaz:Edkifr,fqdk+yD;awmh 'Dvdk ynm&SifwOD;u ajymxm;ygw,f? 'gvnf; usru
vufcHygw,f?
t&ifuvnf; c%c% ajymygw,f? 'Drdkua&pDpepf&SdrSomvsif tpdk;&udk jynfolvlxku
xdef;xm;Edkifr,f? jynfolvlxkuae tpdk;&udk uef@owfxm;Edkifr,f? rdrdwdk@&J?
vkyfydkifcGifhawGxufudk ausmfvGef+yD;awmh jynfolvlxk&J? tcGifhta&awGudk
rusL;ausmfEdkifatmifvdk@ jynfolvlxkuae+yD; tpdk;&udk xdef;odrf;xm;zdk@vdkw,f?
'Dvdk xdef;odrf;xm;zdk@qdkwm jynfolvlxkrSm 'Drdkua&pD zGH@òz;zdk@ vdkw,f?
wcsdK?u bmajymvJqdkawmh jrefrmjynfoljynfom;awG[m 'Drdkua&pDeJ@ rwefao;bl;qdkwm
ajymoH=um;&ygw,f? rwefao;bl;? wcsdK?usawmhvnf; 'Drdkua&pDqdkwm[m
ta&S?wdkif;eJ@
rqDavsmfbl;/ roifhawmbl; pojzifh? t"du uawmh 'Drdkua&pDudk ray;csifvdk@/
'Drdkua&pD0g'eJ@ rvkyfcsifwJhvlawG ajymwJhpum;yg? vlrsm;[m vlyJ? usrwdk@[m
wjcm;vlawGxuf atmufwef;usvdk@/ wjcm;vlawGavmuf vGwfvyfa&r&oifhwJh
vlrsdK;rdk@vm;? tJovdk ajymwm[m usrwdk@&J?vlrsdK;udk apmfum;wm?
taemufwdkif;uomvsif 'Drdkua&pDeJ@ wefw,fqdkwm bmudk ajymvdkwmvJ?
wu,fawmh tJovdk ajymwJhvlawG[m taemufwdkif;udk odyf+yD;awmh txif}uD;&m
a&mufw,f? udk,fhvlawGudk odyf+yD;awmh txifao;&ma&mufw,f? igwdk@uawmh
rwefygbl;?
olwdk@uom ajym&mra&mufbl;vm;?
'g[m usrwdk@vHk;vHk;vufrcHEkdifbl;? usrwdk@&Jhjynfolvlxk[mvnf;
'Drdkua&pDESifhxkdufwefwJht&nftcsif;awG&Sdw,f? 'Dt&nftcsif;awG&Sdw,f?
wdrfjrKyfaewJhtwkdif;twmwpfcktxdawmh&Sdw,fqkdwm vufcHygw,f?
bmjzpfvdk@vJqdkawmh
bmyJajymajym vlom;rsm;[m udk,f&Jhywf0efusiftajcaet& tjrifawG§
tusifhp&kdufawGay:xGufvmw,f? ywf0ef;usifu
tifrwefrSae+yD;awmhzdESdyf+yD;csKyfcs,fw,f? tifrwefrS
a=umufpdwfawGoGif;xm;+yD;
qdkvdk@&Sd&if vlawG&Jhtusifhp&kdufawG[m a=umufpdwfawGEG,faerSmyJ/
tJ'Dtcgusawmh
'Drdkua&pDtjynfht0cHpm;ykdifcGifh&SdwJholawG/ owWd&Sdzdk@awmhr&Sd=ubl;/
tJ'gusrwdk@[m ADZt& usrwdk@vlrsdK;awG[m owWdenf;aevdk@vm;r[kwfygbl;?
usrwdk@&Jhtajctaet& a=umufpdwfawGrsm;aevdk@yg? owWdeJ@a=umufpdwfqdkwm[m
'*Fgjym;wpfckwnf;u acgif;eJ@yef;vdkygyJ? a=umufpdwfr&SdbJeJ@
owWd&Sdw,fvdk@rajymEkdifbl;? ra=umufwJhol[m wcsdK@ua=umuf&rSef;rodwJhvl[m
rdkufuef;vdk@a=umuf&rSef;rodwmyJ/wu,fowWd&Sdwmr[kwfbl;? 'gudk,fha=umufpdwfudk
ausmfv$m;Ekdifwm[m wu,fhowWd/ usrwdk@c%c%owWdarG;yg-owWdarG;yg-qdkwm/ usrwdk@u
ra=umufygeJ@ajymvdk@&Sd&if/ ta=umufw&m; r&Sdbl;vdk@ajymwmr[kwfbl;?
'gykxkZOfvlom;awGyJ-ta=umufw&m;[mudk,fh&Jhb0udk rv$rf;rdk;ygapeJ@vdk@
'Dvdkusrwdk@ajymwmyg? udk,fvkyfoifhvkyfxkdufwJhudpPudk 'Dta=umufw&m;udk
ausmfv$m;+yD;awmh vkyfygvdk@ajymwmjzpfygw,f?
tJ'ga=umifhusrwdk@'Drdkua&pDpepfudk bmjzpfvdk@vdkcsifvJ/
'Drdkua&pDpepfatmufrSm qdkvdk@&Sd&if jynfolvlxk[m-'Dta=umufw&m;udk
ausmfv$m;Ekdifzdk@ tcGifhta&awGtrsm;}uD;&Sdw,f? 'gayrJhvnf; 'Drdkua&pD&zdk@vJ
usrwdk@ta=umufw&m;udk ausmfv$m;&r,f?
'Dawmh-usrwdk@[m-wpfcsdefvHk;&kef;uefae&w,fqdkwm 'gudkajymwm/ udk,fvdkcsifwJh
yef;wkdifa&mufzdk@twGuf &kef;uef+yD;awmh,l&r,f/ 'Dyef;wkdifa&mufrSvnf;
udk,fh&Jh&kef;uefr_awG[m ykd+yD;awmhwnf+idrfvmr,f/ ydk+yD;awmhat;aq;oGm;r,f?
usrwdk@udk tcktkyfcsKyfaewJhpepf[m bmEdkifiHa&pepfrS r[kwfbl;?
bmEkdifiHa&pepf&,fvdk@ usrwdk@pOf;pm;aep&mrvdkbl;? 'g[m
ppftm%m&Sifpepf[m-ppftm%m&SifpepfyJ-'g-usrwdk@b,fvdkrS +iif;vdk@r&bl;?
wyfrawmfqdkwm wkdif;jynfudktkyfcsKyfzdk@ wnfaxmifcJhwmr[kwfbJ/
jynfolvlxkudkumuG,fzdk@ wkdif;jynf&Jh umuG,fa&wm0efudk
xrf;aqmifxm;wm-b,fvdk&nf&G,fcsufeJ@ azazuxlaxmifcJhw,fqdkwm
usraumif;aumif;odygw,f? rdef;cGef;awGrSmvnf; azazajymcJhygw,f? pmawGrSmvJ
a&cJhygw,f? 'g-taxmuftxm;&Sd+yD;om;yg? wyfrawmfr[m
b,fvdk&nf¶G,fcsufeJ@xlaxmifwmvJjynfolvlxkudk
az;rzdk@umuG,fzdk@-'gawG&nf&G,fcsufeJ@ xlaxmifwmyJ/
EkdifiHa&vkyfzdk@xlaxmifwmr[kwfbl;? tJ'Dawmh wyfrawmfu
EkdifiHa&0g'r&Sdbl;qkdwm
usrwdk@vufch&rSmjzpfygw,f? tJ'Dawmh 'DudpP[m wyfrawmfu EkdifiHa&0g'r&Sdvdk@
&Sdvdk@&Sd&if EkddifiHa&0g'r&Sdovdkaeoifhw,f? EkdifiHa&rSmyg0if+yD;awmh
vmwJhtcgusawmh/ usrwdk@wkdif;jynfemygw,f? tJovdk wkdif;jynfemwJhtvkyfudk
usrwdk@rvkyfapcsifygbl;? 'g-wyfrawmftay:rSm apwemr&Sdvdk@r[kwfbl;?
apwem&Sdvdkudk usrwdk@ajymwmygqdkwm usrwdk@c%c%ajymw,f? Oyrmqdkvdk@&Sd&if/
usrwdk@rdbrsm;[m udk,fhuav;awG[m udpPwpfckrSm rawmfbl;qdkwmudkodvdk@&Sd&if/
Oyrmqdkygawmh uav;wpfa,mufu odyf+yD;awmhoD;csif;qdkcsifw,f/
toHuvnf;odyfudkraumif;bl;? b,fawmhrSvnf;rSefatmifrqdkwwfbl;/
'DvdktoHvnf;raumif; oD;csif;vnf;rqdkwwfwJhuav;udk
tqdkawmfjzpfatmifóu;pm;ygvdk@
ajymwJhrdb[m/ wu,fapwem/ arwWm&SdwJhrdbrS r[kwfyJ?
wu,fapwemarwWm&SdwJhrdbqdk&if/ uav;udkom;ub,fabmufyJoDcsif;qdkcsif/ qdkcsif/
toHuvnf;odyfraumif;bl;/ oDcsif;uvnf; rqdkwwfwJhtcgusawmh/ wcgwav
udk,fbmudk,fa&csdK;&if;eJ@/ taysmftyg;qdkwmawmhqdkwmay:h/ 'gayrJh
pifjrifhay:wuf+yD; qdkwmawmh/ roifhawmfbl;vdk@ apwemarwWmeJ?ajym&rSmyJ?
'ga=umifhusrwdk@taeeJ@ ?wyfrawmftaeeJ@ EkdifiHa&rvkyfoifhbl;? qdkwm
usrwdk@ apwem arwWmtjynfheJ@ ajymwmyg? jynfolvlxkeJ@ EkdifiHtay:rSmxm;wJh
apwemarwWmvnf;ygw,f? wyfrawmfay:rSmxm;wJhapwemvnf;ygygw,f?
rvkyfoihfrvkyfxkdufwJhudpPudk rvkyfzdk@qdk+yD;awmh usrwdk@u 'gudk
ajymwmjzpfygw,f? 'Dvdkvkyfrdvdk@&Sd&ifvnf; &yfvdk@&wmyJ? wcgvkyfrdvdk@quf+yD;
vkyf&r,fvdk@b,foluajymoGm;vdk@vJ? 'g-usrwkd@&Jh w&m;awmft&qdkvdk@&Sd&if
tcsdefra&G;'D[mudk &yf+yD;awmh aemufwpfzufudk ajymif;vkd@&wmyJ?
usrwdk@'D[mudkvnf;/ jzpf+yD;wJhudpPudkvnf;/ usrwdk@ jyefjyefpjrKyfjyef+yD;
vufndK;xdk;zdk@&nf¶G,fcsufr&Sdygbl;? tck'DrSm wyfrawmf[m EkdifiHa&taeeJ@
EkdifiHa&xJrSm ryg0ifoifhbl;? tkyfcsKyfa&xJrSm
ryg0ifoifhbl;vdk@ajymwm[myg0ifaevdk@ajymwm? ryg0ifyJeJ@ at;at;aq;aq;/
wyfrawmf[m r¾dKifozG,fEkdifiH&JhtusdK;udk xrf;aqmifoGm;r,fqdk&if/
usrwdk@'gawGudk xyfajymzdk@rvdkbl;? ajymvnf; rajymcsifbl;
aemufa=umif;jyefw,fpjrKH?jyefw,fqdkwm usrc%c%ajymw,f? EGm;awGrSjyefwm?
vlawGjyefwm r[kwfbl;?
+yD;oGm;wJhudpPawGudk usrwdk@jyefrajymcsifbl;? tckvuf&Sd udpPawGudk
usrwdk@ajymaewm? vuf&SdvufawG@usrwdk@EkdifiH&Jh tcuftcJawGudk
ausmfv$m;zdk@qdkwm tm;vHk;[m-'Drdkua&pDpepf xlaxmifEkdifzdk@ óu;pm;&r,fvdk@
usr,Hk=unfw,f? tJ'DxJrSm wyfrawmfom;awGvnf; yg0ifoifhw,f?
wyfrawmfudk,fwkdifudku ppfrSefwJh'Drdkua&pDpepf
'DEkdifiHrSmjzpfxGef;zdk@yg0if+yD;awmh óu;pm;apcsifw,fvdk@ usrajymcsifygw,f?
wyfrawmftaeeJ@ EkdifiHa&0g' wckckudk vufcHvkdduf+yD;qdkwmeJ@ 'gwyfrawmf
rppfawmhbl;? 'D[m-[mta&mifqdk;+yD;om; wyfrawmfjzpfoGm;+yD/
wyfrawmfqdkwmta&mifqdk;xm;wJh wyfrawmfrjzpf&bl;? bmta&mifrS r&SdwJh
jynfolvlxkudk umuG,fwJh r¾dKifozG,f rdrdwdk@&Jh wm0ef0wW&m;udk odk;oD;oef@oef@
xrf;aqmifwJh wyfrawmfomjzpfoihfygw,fvdk@ usrajymcsifygw,f?
&efukefòr@
1361ckESpf/ uqkefvjynfhausmf(14)
1999ckESpf/ arv (13)
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trsdK;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyf
trSwf (97§c)/ taemufa&$*Hkwdkifvrf;
A[ef;òr?e,f/ &efukefòr?
trsdK;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyf/ taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rª; a':atmifqef;pk=unf
(26-4-99)&ufae@wGif ajym=um;aomrdef@cGef;rS aumufE_wfcsufrsm;
'Dar;cGef;uawmh ?,ckvuf&Sdtpdk;& usifhoHk;aewJh EdkifiHa&;rl0g'u b,fvdk
EdkifiHa&;rl0g'ygvJ?wJh?
tckvuf&Sdtpdk;&uawmh ppftm%m&Siftpdk;&qdkawmh EdkifiHa&;rl0g' r&Sdygbl;?
EdkifiHa&;rl0g'qdkwm EdkifiHa&;orm;awGrSmom &SdEdkifwmyg?
ppftm%m&Siftpdk;&qdkwmuawmh 'guawmh ppfa&;eJ@yJ/ ppftjrifeJ@yJ EdkifiHudk
tkyfcsKyfrSmyJvdk@ 'DvdkyJ usrwdk@uawmh xifygw,f?
'Dawmh usrwdk@taeeJ@ 'Drdkua&pDudk ,Hk=unfw,fqdkwm[m ?ppfa&;tjrifeJ@
tkyfcsKyfa&;udk atmifjrifpGm rvkyfEdkifbl;?qdkwm usrwdk@ ,Hk=unfvdk@yJ/
wyfrawmfudk rav;pm;vdk@ r[kwfbl;? wyfrawmf&J? u¾[m wyfrawmf&J? u¾yJ/
ppftkyfcsKyfa&;pepfqdkwm wyfrawmftwGif;rSmyJ &Sd&r,f? wdkif;jynfeJ@t0Srf;rSm
&Sdzdk@qdkwmuawmh roifhawmfbl;? bmjzpfvdk@vJqdkawmh usrwdk@ EdkifiH[m
ppfajrjyifrS r[kwfyJ/ ppfajrjyifrSm tkyfcsKyfwJhenf;eJ@ EdkifiHwEdkifiHudk
tkyfcsKyfzdk@qdkwm rjzpfbl;? wyfrawmf&J? pnf;urf;/ pnf;rsOf;awG/
vkyfxHk;vkyfenf;awGqdkwm[m ppfajrjyifrSm atmifEdkifr_&zdk@twGuf
vkyfxm;wJhpnf;rsOf;pnf;urf;awG/ vkyfxHk;vkyfenf;awGjzpfw,f? bmudkrqdk
ol@ae&meJ@ ol@ae&meJ@/ ol@u¾eJ@ ol@u¾eJ@qdk&if qDavsmfygw,f? wyfrawmf[m
wyfrawmf&J?ae&mrSm ae+yD;awmh wyfrawmf&J?u¾udk *k%foa&oduQm&Sd&SdeJ@
xkwfaz:r,fqdkvdk@&Sd&if usrwdk@tm;vHk; vufcHEdkifw,f? usrwdk@tm;vHk;
av;pm;w,f?
usrwdk@tm;vHk; tm;ay;w,f? 'gayr,fh EdkifiHwEdkifiHudk tkyfcsKyfwJhae&mrSmawmh
EdkifiHa&;rlt& EdkifiHa&;0g'wckeJ@ tkyfcsKyf&rSm?
'Dawmh 'DEdkifiHa&;0g'awGtrsm;}uD;xJrSmrS usrwdk@ b,f0g'udk tav;xm;vJqdkawmh
'Drdkua&pD0g'udk tav;xm;w,fqdkwm 'g trsm;todyJ? jynfolvlxkuvnf;
'Drdkua&pD0g'udk a&G;cs,fw,fqdkwm 1990 jynfhESpf a&G;aumufyGJrSm
xkwfaz:+yD;om;jzpfygw,f? 'Drdkua&pD0g'omvsif vGwfvyfwJhEdkifiHwckeJ@
qDavsmfw,fqdkwmuawmh azazuae vGwfvyfa&;r&cifuwnf;u ajymoGm;+yD;om;jzpfw,f?
bmjzpfvdk@vJ tJovdk ajym&vJqdkawmh vGwfvyfwJhEdkifiHrSmqdkvdk@&Sd&if
jynfolvlxk[m vGwfvyfrS wu,fhudk vGwfvyfwJhEdkifiHvdk@ ac:&vdrfhr,f?
jynfolvlxku
rdrdwdk@&J? tcGifhta&;awG tjynfht0r&SdyJeJ@ jynfolvlxk[m vHkðcHr_
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1361ckESpf/ uqkefvjynfhausmf(14)
1999ckESpf/ arv (13)
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