The forests of Burma/Myanmar - general

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Description: About 7,290 results (August 2017)
Source/publisher: Various sources via Youtube
Date of entry/update: 2017-08-21
Grouping: Websites/Multiple Documents
Language: English, Burmese (မြန်မာဘာသာ)
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Description: Rich, colourful rather chaotic site..."...Until the late 1990s, large parts of southern and eastern Burma had remained free from military rule due to the resistance of indigenous groups. However the inflow of foreign capital, mainly through offshore natural gas concessions to foregin firms, has given the military the means to assert control over these regions and increasingly exploit teak and other forest resources, in addition to local populations. What this all means is that today Burma has one of the highest rates of forest loss on Earth. Between 1990 and 2005, Burma lost an average of 466,000 hectares of forest per year—or 18 percent of its total forest cover during that period. The deforestation rate has increased by 13.5 percent since the close of the 1990s..."...Myanmar Forest Figures...individual articles, most of which have only a passing reference to Burma... Deforestation and forest degradation in Burma largely results from agriculture, logging, fuel wood collection, and, to a lesser extent, development for energy infrastructure. Logging in Burma is predominantly for teak, although the government is trying to promote the country?s lesser known timber species to the international market. While there has been an official ban on raw log exports since 1993, evidence collected by several groups, including Global Witness, suggests that illegal logging is ride in Burma..."...Use the search or make a google site-specific search - myanmar site:Mongabay.com
Source/publisher: Mongabay.com
Date of entry/update: 2012-07-24
Grouping: Websites/Multiple Documents
Language: English
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Description: Thematic profiles and systems: Forestry Country Profiles - The forestry country profiles provide detailed information on forests and the forest sector: forest cover (types, extent and change), forest management, policies, products and trade, and more - in all some 30 pages for each country in the world... Reports and statistical data: Forest area statistics - From Forestry Country Profiles Forest health statistics - From Forestry Country Profiles; Growing stock statistics - From Forestry Country Profiles... Publications: Global Forest Resources Assessment 2010 - Country Report: Myanmar - Myanmar country report on bamboo resources - Global Forest Resources Assessment 2005 Myanmar - Non-wood forest products In 15 countries of Tropical Asia - An overview Asia Industrial and Institutional Stove Compendium - Country Report - Union of Myanmar - Asia-Pacific Forestry Sector Outlook Study Working Paper No: APFSOS/WP/08 Woodfuel Trade in Myanmar - National Workshop - Regional Wood Energy Development Programme in Asia - GCP/RAS/154/NET
Source/publisher: Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO)
Date of entry/update: 2012-08-21
Grouping: Websites/Multiple Documents
Language: English
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Description: "မြန်မာနိုင်ငံအနှံ့အပြားတွင် မှီတင်းနေထိုင်ကြသည့် လူ့အဖွဲ့အစည်းများသည် ၎င်းတို့၏ အသက်မွေးဝမ်းကြောင်း၊ အစားအစာ လုံခြုံမှု၊ ယဉ်ကျေးမှု နှင့် အမျိုးသား လက္ခဏာများအတွက် သစ်တောများကို ဓလေ့ထုံးတမ်းဆိုင်ရာ လုပ်ကိုင်ပိုင်ဆိုင်ခွင့် စနစ်များဖြင့် စီမံခန့်ခွဲကြသည်။ သို့သော် သစ်တော ဥပဒေနှင့် သစ်တောနည်းဥပဒေများတွင် ဓလေ့ထုံးတမ်းဆိုင်ရာ လုပ်ကိုင် ပိုင်ဆိုင်ခွင့်များကို လုံလောက်စွာ အသိအမှတ် ပြုထားခြင်းမရှိပါ။ မူဝါဒ၊ ဥပဒေနှင့် အလေ့အကျင့်များတွင် ဓလေ့ထုံးတမ်းဆိုင်ရာ လုပ်ကိုင်ပိုင် ဆိုင်ခွင့်များကို အသိအမှတ်ပြုရန် အလွန်အရေးပါသည်။ ထို့သို့ပြုလုပ်ခြင်း အားဖြင့် လူ့အဖွဲ့အစည်းများအနေဖြင့် စီးပွားရေးဖွံ့ဖြိုး တိုးတက်မှု၊ ရာသီဥတု ပြောင်းလဲမှုများကို လျှော့ချရန် နှင့် သင့်တင့်စွာပြုမူနေထိုင်နိုင်ရန်၊ နှင့် ဇီဝမျိုးကွဲများကို ထိန်းသိမ်းရန်အတွက် အသက်တမျှအရေးပါသည့် သစ်တောများကို ကာကွယ်ခြင်းနှင့် ရေရှည်တည်တံ့ခိုင်မြဲစေရန်စီမံ ခန့်ခွဲမှုများကို ဆက်လက်ပြုလုပ်နိုင်မည် ဖြစ်သည်။ ၁၉၉၄ သစ်တောဥပဒေကို ၂၀၁၈တွင် ပြင်ဆင်ခဲ့ပြီး၊ ယခုအခါ သစ်တောနည်း ဥပဒေသစ်နှင့် ပက်သက်၍ ဆွေးနွေးညှိနှိုင်းရေးဖြစ်စဉ်ကို ပြုလုပ်လျှက် ရှိသည်။ နည်းဥပဒေများသည် ဥပဒေကို မည်သို့အကောင် အထည်ဖော်မည်ကို ရှင်းလင်းဖော်ပြပေးသည်။ သစ်တောဦးစီးဌါနနှင့် ၎င်း၏ စီစဉ်သူအဖွဲ့တို့သည် တိုင်းနှင့်ပြည်နယ် (၁၄) ခုတွင် ဆွေးနွေးညှိနှိုင်းမှုများကို ပြုလုပ်ခဲ့သည်။ အရပ်ဖက်အဖွဲ့အစည်း များမှလည်း ဒေသခံ လူ့အဖွဲ့အစည်းများနှင့် တွေ့ဆုံပြီး ဥပဒေကို ပြန်လည် သုံးသပ်ခြင်းနှင့် နည်းဥပဒေများအတွက် အကြံပြုခြင် းများပြု လုပ်ရန်အတွက် ဆွေးနွေးညှိနှိုင်းမှုများ ပြုလုပ်ခဲ့သည်။ ဤအကြံပြု ချက်များပါဝင်သည့် အစီရင်ခံစာကို သစ်တောဥပဒေနှင့် နည်းဥပဒေကို အသေးစိတ်စီစစ်ခြင်း၊ သစ်တောဦးစီးဌါနမှ ပြည်နယ်နှင့်တိုင်းများတွင် ပြုလုပ်ခဲ့သည့် ဆွေးနွေးညှိနှိုင်းပွဲများ၏ ဆွေးနွေးချက်မှတ်တမ်းများ၊ အရပ်ဖက်အဖွဲ့အစည်းများနှင့် ကယား၊ချင်း၊ရှမ်း၊ကရင်၊ ကချင်ပြည်နယ်နှင့် တနင်္သာရီတိုင်းများရှိ လူ့အဖွဲ့အစည်းများမှ တင်ပြလာသည့် အကြံပြုချက်များ နှင့် CHRO၊ RECOFTC ၊ SHANAH ၊ KMSS-Loikaw နှင့် OneMap အပါအဝင် ပညာရှင်များနှင့် တွေ့ဆုံမေးမြန်းမှုများအပေါ်တွင် အခြေခံပြု စုထားသည်။ ဤအစီရင်ခံစာတွင် ဓလေ့ထုံးတမ်းဆိုင်ရာ လုပ်ကိုင်ပိုင်ဆိုင်ခွင့်များကို ပိုမိုကောင်းမွန်စွာ အသိအမှတ်ပြုနိုင်ရန်နှင့် ဆွေးနွေးညှိနှိုင်းမှုဖြစ်စဉ် တလျှောက်တွင် တောင်းဆိုခဲ့သည့်ပြုပြင်ပြောင်းလဲရေးများကို ပြုလုပ်နိုင်ရန် အတွက် လိုအပ်သည့် သစ်တောဥပဒေနှင့် သစ်တောနည်း ဥပဒေများဆိုင်ရာ အဓိကအကြံပြုချက်များကို အနှစ်ချုပ်တင်ပြထားသည်။..."
Creator/author:
Source/publisher: Mekong Region Land Governance
2019-12-00
Date of entry/update: 2021-10-10
Grouping: Individual Documents
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Format : pdf
Size: 2.82 MB
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Sub-title: A conflict-sensitivity analysis
Description: "The aim of this paper is to provide a conflict-sensitivity analysis of forest governance in Myanmar to inform all stakeholders involved in the negotiations of the Forest Law Enforcement, Governance and Trade Voluntary Partnership Agreement (FLEGT VPA) in Myanmar. Drawing on several case studies from across the country, this report seeks to provide an overview of how different types of conflict are related to forest governance, and how the positive and negative impacts of forest governance reforms in Myanmar might be considered to help inform a “conflict-sensitive” approach to the FLEGT VPA process in Myanmar. Myanmar is in the middle of a complex, precarious, and lengthy process of trying to negotiate peace after six decades of internal armed conflict. At the same time, it is in transition from military rule to a more democratic form of governance. A key issue in the democratic transition and peace process are questions about the future governance of Myanmar’s valuable natural resources, including teak, rosewood, and other valuable timber species that are predominately found in conflict-affected areas of the country. Within this context, any discussions about governance arrangements for natural resources, such as a VPA, risk unintentionally exacerbating deep-rooted grievances. Additionally, the tensions and conflict dynamics in the country will, by nature, influence the process of negotiating the VPA. Recognising this two-way interaction between conflict and the VPA process is at the crux of a conflict-sensitive approach. This paper proposes the development of a simple tool, referred to here as a “conflict risk analysis”, to help the stakeholders involved in the VPA process identify, monitor, and mitigate potential risks and opportunities of the process on key conflict and peace issues related to the VPA. As a starting point for discussion, we propose the following four key issues to be monitored: • Participation – to what extent do all groups have an opportunity to participate in the VPA process? Are any stakeholders excluded? • Communication – Is the process accountable, transparent, and clearly communicated, and is the process building greater trust between stakeholders? • Gender – to what extent are women participating meaningfully in the VPA consultation, negotiation and decision-making processes? Are their needs taken into account? • Community empowerment – to what extent do the process and outcomes of the VPA empower communities and civil society, especially marginalised communities including conflict-affected communities, for more inclusive, representative, and participatory forest governance? Why is this important? Participation, communication, gender and community empowerment are all factors that, if not managed well, could lead to increased tension. Lack of transparency around the process and the decisions being made could lead to lack of trust in the process and other governance processes. However, if managed well, these factors could contribute significantly to building more positive relationships between the different ethnic communities, local and national government, the private sector and armed actors. By regularly monitoring these risk factors, the Interim Task Force (ITF) or Multi-Stakeholder Group (MSG)1 can avoid exacerbating conflict tensions, mitigate risks and support moving towards peace and reconciliation. Inclusive participation of civil society and ethnic communities, based on transparent two-way communication flows, will be key to achieving this. To put the FLEGT VPA process in context in Myanmar, this paper also takes a wider look at forest governance and illegal logging in Myanmar. It identifies several key issues – such as the political economy of timber, illegal logging, community land and forest rights – that need to be addressed to ensure that the governance of forest resources helps contribute to peace. The paper suggests that all stakeholders should take care to ensure that the VPA process does not get too far ahead of the peace process and political dialogue currently under way in Myanmar, in order to avoid adverse impacts. A peacebuilding approach could look to achieve incremental governance improvements that can enhance the lives of forest-dependent communities through inclusive multi-stakeholder dialogues (such as through the platforms envisaged for a VPA process) and by increasing community participation, in addition to the formal structures of the political dialogue. The meaningful participation of women, youth, and rural stakeholders from all ethnicities will be key to this. Looking beyond the peace process, the paper identifies several key areas or governance reforms in Myanmar’s forestry sector. The paper draws on five short case studies to highlight specific challenges – including insecure land tenure, illegal logging, and challenges in operating community forestry in conflict-affected areas – faced by communities affected by forest governance weaknesses, as well as community-level approaches to address them. The paper stops short of issuing firm recommendations as, ultimately, it will be for the stakeholders involved in the VPA process to determine the scope and ambition of the VPA in Myanmar – including the extent to which they wish to use the VPA to introduce governance reforms that can contribute to peace. However, by highlighting certain issues that are important to peacebuilding efforts in Myanmar, it is our intention to support those stakeholders in setting that ambition, and showing concrete ways in which such ambitions could be approached..."
Creator/author:
Source/publisher: International Alert (London)
2017-10-00
Date of entry/update: 2021-04-27
Grouping: Individual Documents
Language:
Format : pdf
Size: 701.47 KB
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Description: "Teak (Tectona grandis) is a tropical, deciduous, broad-leaved tree species indigenous to Southeast Asia. Despite its high dendroclimatological potential, only a few studies have analyzed the relationships between teak ring-width and climate variability in Myanmar. In a study published in Geophysical Research Letters, researchers from Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden (XTBG) extended the spatial coverage of high-resolution regional climate proxies in southern Myanmar by producing a new drought reconstruction from a new location. The researchers developed a 226-year long ring-width chronology of teak, providing evidence for November–April drought variability in southern Myanmar. The three teak-bearing forest sites were namely Bago (West Yoma Forest Reserve, BAG), Mindon (Zaungtu Forest Reserve, MDN), and Paukkhaung (Phyu-Kun Forest Reserve, PKG) in southern Myanmar. They found that teak radial growth was mainly controlled by moisture availability, making teak a suitable species for assessing drought variation in southern Myanmar..."
Creator/author:
Source/publisher: "phys.org"
2020-04-27
Date of entry/update: 2020-04-28
Grouping: Individual Documents
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Topic: Animal Trade, Ayeyarwady Region, Conservation, Elephants, forest reserves, Myanmar Forest Department, Ngapudaw, Poaching, Sinma Forest Reserve
Topic: Animal Trade, Ayeyarwady Region, Conservation, Elephants, forest reserves, Myanmar Forest Department, Ngapudaw, Poaching, Sinma Forest Reserve
Description: "Local authorities in Ngapudaw Township, Ayeyarwady Region found a wild elephant poached and skinned with its trunk cut off in Sinma Forest Reserve on Friday. Officials with the forest department, police and administrative authorities were investigating a report by local residents that wild elephants were running in the forest reserve when they found the dead elephant near the Pathein-Mawtin road. “It was killed by elephant poachers. They fled from the scene and police are pursuing them,” Police Lieutenant Colonel Tun Shwe, spokesperson for the Ayeyarwady Region Police Force, told The Irrawaddy. The female pachyderm was around 2.5 m tall, over 2 m long and estimated to be 28 years old. According to the elephant veterinarian of the Forest Department, the elephant was killed by a poisoned arrow. “Elephant poachers had skinned the elephant and were preparing to take it away,” said U Kyaw Myint Tun, administrator for Ngapudaw’s Tin Chaung Village-Tract. “When they saw us, they left their equipment and ran away. We feel sorry that elephants are being poached despite the fact that we are doing our best to prevent elephant poaching.” U Kyaw Myint Tun has won an award from State Counselor Daw Aung San Suu Kyi for his elephant conservation efforts..."
Creator/author:
Source/publisher: "The Irrawaddy" (Thailand)
2020-01-27
Date of entry/update: 2020-01-31
Grouping: Individual Documents
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Description: "Myanmar has a long history of good forest management and for centuries its timber products, especially natural teak, have been highly valued the world over. In recent decades, however, increased demand for timber, combined with reduced enforcement capacity and conflict in border areas, have seen an upsurge in illegal logging, which has resulted in loss and degradation of Myanmar forests. Realizing the situation, the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environmental Conservation (MoNREC) is making significant efforts to restore Myanmar’s reputation as a supplier of high-quality timber products from sustainably managed forests. FAO, through FAO-EU FLEGT (Forest Law Enforcement, Governance and Trade) Programme, has been supporting MoNREC in improving the Myanmar Timber Legality Assurance System (MTLAS) by analyzing the “gaps” in the system in the context of internationally recognized principles, requirements and best practices. The 2017 MTLAS Gap Analysis highlighted the requirement to enhance the system’s transparency and accountability. In this regard, MoNREC developed the Chain-of-Custody (CoC) dossier as part of its commitment towards FLEGT process and its crucial principles of transparency and accountability. The dossier aims at assisting operators who trade timber products to demonstrate that the timber used have been legally sourced and the products have been legally produced. FAO-EU FLEGT Programme supports this CoC dossier through the “Promoting understanding of the Chain-of-Custody to support national dialogue on developing a timber legality definition” Project..."
Source/publisher: FAO (Myanmar)
2019-09-03
Date of entry/update: 2019-11-24
Grouping: Individual Documents
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Description: "Myanmar is facing the risks of climate change impacts as the country’s annual deforestation rate between 2010 and 2015 reached 1.72 per cent, said Ohn Win, Union Minister for Natural Resources and Environmental Conservation at a workshop on the suggestion on the analytical results of the village firewood plantation law and bylaw, at Tungapuri Hotel in Nay Pyi Taw on June 7. In his opening speech, the Union Minister said, “The country’s forest resources are declining due to the facts such as agricultural extension, rapid urbanization, high demands for firewood, excessive timber extraction and illegal timber logging. According to the FAO’s FRA-2015, the forest coverage area accounts for 42.92 per cent of the country’s total area. The climate changes hamper the sustainable development of the country. It is found that the country is in need of village firewood forest plantations for the firewood, fuel and other basic forest products which are essential for the people. To satisfy the firewood needs of the rural people, the establishment of 1.35 million acres of the village firewood plantations and 2.27 million acres of community-owned forest plantations, from 2010 to 2030, is clearly described in the major project for the National Forest Sector, the Union Minister added..."
Source/publisher: "Eleven Media Group" (Myanmar)
2019-06-09
Date of entry/update: 2019-11-17
Grouping: Individual Documents
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Sub-title: Myanmar is no stranger to environmental disasters related to climate change. From Cyclone Nargis in 2008 to the recent landslides that took the lives of over 80 people, local communities have been adversely affected by climate change. In response, countle
Description: "Community forestry, in which local people are the decision-makers in managing forests and natural resources, strengthens community land rights, develops local livelihoods, and conserves precious ecosystems. These elements are important for Myanmar’s fight against climate change. Recognising this, the government aims to establish 920,000 hectares of community forests throughout the country under its Forestry Master Plan (2001-2030). But will community forests bring substantial benefits to local communities and allow them to better tackle climate change? As part of a research team from The Center for People and Forests and the University of Toronto, Canada, we conducted a study of Myanmar’s dry zone, which found that community forestry can be a viable strategy for communities to adapt to climate change, but only if certain challenges are addressed first. Community forests must first gain certification from the government through a highly complicated process that could act as a deterrent for potential new community forests. Much of the land designated as community forests is actually degraded and cannot provide socio-economic benefits. Communities also lack the tools that they need to produce and market their products, including machinery and roads..."
Source/publisher: "Myanmar Times" (Myanmar)
2019-09-27
Date of entry/update: 2019-09-27
Grouping: Individual Documents
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Description: "People living in Myanmar's Dry Zone are facing the impact of climate change on their lives. The project, Addressing Climate Change Risks on Water Resources and Food Security in the Dry Zone of Myanmar aims to reduce vulnerability and increase adaptive capacity of the dry zone communities through improved water management, crop and livestock adaptation programme in five of the most vulnerable townships of Myanmar’s Dry Zone. The Adaptation Fund project is being implemented by UNDP in collaboration with the Government of the Union of Myanmar. Category..."
Creator/author:
Source/publisher: UNDP Myanmar
2017-03-01
Date of entry/update: 2019-08-03
Grouping: Individual Documents
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Description: "Myanmar’s natural assets – including its forests, soils and coastal waters and the biodiversity they embody – makes up its natural capital, providing critical benefits to the Myanmar people, helping to protect them against natural hazards and ensuring reliable sources of clean water for drinking and irrigation as well as opportunities for ecotourism. Myanmar’s natural capital is also the source of other tangible and intangible benefits that support human well-being and underpin economic development. To secure those benefits, we need to understand which areas and ecosystems best serve the people and infrastructure dependent upon them, as well as how these benefits can be protected or enhanced in the face of climate change. The assessment presented in this report shows where and how Myanmar’s natural capital contributes to clean and reliable drinking water sources, reduced risks from floods inland and storms along the coasts, and to maintaining the functioning of reservoirs and dams by preventing erosion. The results highlight areas that provide high levels of ecosystem services, where natural capital provides the greatest benefits to people and infrastructure. This initial assessment has focused on identifying important ecosystem service provisioning areas that benefit the greatest number of people at a national scale, emphasizing benefits to cities and other large population centres. Benefits to rural populations and to vulnerable subgroups are critical as well, and they should be considered in greater detail as a next step. In addition, many of these areas important for ecosystem services provision coincide with areas important for biodiversity conservation. The effective management of these areas of synergy can help guarantee benefits to Myanmar’s people, infrastructure and wildlife not just now, but for decades to come. Securing natural capital is especially important in the face of climate change. As rainfall becomes increasingly variable and extreme events like heavy storms and droughts more frequent and intense, the role of forests in protecting rivers and streams from sediment will become more central in maintaining the quality of drinking water and improving the functioning of reservoirs and dams. The value of other ecosystem services will also become more apparent. Importantly, although climate change might make these services more valuable, the locations of hotspots areas important for ecosystem service provision are not expected to change over the next several decades for the services assessed here, so that protecting these areas would provide long-term benefits. While conservation of existing natural capital alone cannot eliminate the impacts of climate change, protecting and enhancing natural capital benefits is a critical component of climate change adaptation. Incorporating natural capital information into planning and development processes can ensure that its benefits are put to work in the service of the people and for the prosperity of the economy. Natural capital assessments can support planning and development across and within key sectors, including energy, transport, agriculture, and health, while strengthening climate resilience and promoting adaptation planning. The natural capital assessment provided here can support development and management decisions that launch Myanmar on a more sustainable and inclusive path toward economic development..."
Creator/author:
Source/publisher: World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF)
2016-06-03
Date of entry/update: 2019-07-23
Grouping: Individual Documents
Language:
Format : pdf
Size: 3.56 MB
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Description: "The three-day environmental and cultural knowledge exchange program was co-organized by the Salween Peace Park Committee and Karen Environmental and Social Action Network (KESAN) from October 24 to 26, 2018 at KESAN’s Indigenous Eco-Learning Center in Ta May Hta Village, Lu Thaw Township, Mutraw District, Karen State, Burma. More than 80 participants representing students, youth, teachers, and community leaders actively participated in the program..."
Source/publisher: Karen Environmental and Social Action Network (KESAN)
2019-01-10
Date of entry/update: 2019-03-18
Grouping: Individual Documents
Language: Sgaw Karen, (English sub-titles)
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Description: "... Massive scale plantation forestry in Myanmar began in the early 1980s as a drastic measure to fulfil the increasing demand for timber and to prevent the conversion of deteriorated forestland to agricultural land. More than 30,000 ha of forest plantations have annually been formed since 1984 (Myanmar Forest Department 2000). Myanmar has also launched a Special Teak Plantation Program in 1998 which has an annual plantation target of 8000 ha in addition to the normal plantation scheme. Myanmar Forest Department is recruiting shifting cultivators and applying the taungya method in plantation projects because it can avoid conflicts at the time of teak plantation establishment, achieve large plantation area targets in remote areas and overcome the problems of insufficient funding and insufficient labour. Further, as the plantation area is under the intensive care of taungya farmers for their intercrops, the Forest Department can expect a higher survival rate of trees for the first year. The Forest Department is planning a joint venture by establishing plantation villages near or inside the reserved forests with the aim of securing labour for plantation establishment at reduced cost and with increased efficiency, as well as protecting the existing natural resources including old plantations more intensively with the participation of the taungya farmers. In brief, Myanmar Forest Department is trying to get people participation in the promotion of reforestation. From the commencement of the project, the foresters have been arguing about whether the project would create forest protective groups or forest destructive groups. Past experiences suggest that taungya farmers are likely to destroy the plantations once they have been established. ?Evidently there were destructions of many teak plantations and other plantations of valuable species during the Second World War (1942−45) and again during the 1988 pro-democracy movement by the villagers who had involved in establishment of those plantations? (Ba Kaung 2001). Why did the taungya farmers become destructive instead of the intended protective groups? In the author?s judgment, the underlying issue is an economic one, and it is essential to explore the socio-economic situations of the groups involved in taungya teak plantations..."
Creator/author: Tin Min Maung, Miho Yamamoto
Source/publisher: DSSENR Tokyo University of Agricultre and Technology
2008-00-00
Date of entry/update: 2016-04-17
Grouping: Individual Documents
Language: English
Format : pdf
Size: 823.38 KB
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Description: "... Mangrove forests are one of the most valuable, thriving, and diverse ecosystems on the planet, but they are becoming increasingly exploited and mismanaged (Lee 1999; Giri et al. 2008). In Myanmar, many of these mangrove stands flourished for centuries, virtually untouched until extensive deforestation began in the late 1970?s. At the time there was no legislation to promote sustainable forest management, and as a result the forests were depleted at alarming rates. During the 1990?s, multiple environmental acts were passed to help regulate tree harvesting processes, including the 1992 Forest Law and the 1995 Forest Policy, but they were only mildly successful and difficult to enforce (Oo 2002). The 2000?s brought a new chapter as Myanmar?s expanding economy and lifted political embargos created an explosion of infrastructure and agriculture, once again encroaching on the mangrove?s habitat. Even with the increasing development and encroachment on mangroves, Myanmar?s long state of isolation has made it one of the most species rich countries in all of South-east Asia, and is considered to be one of the last strongholds for large mammals such as tigers and elephants (Leimgruber etal. 2005). In a country with such rich biodiversity and a large dependence on natural resources for income, fuel, and food, preserving Myanmar?s mangroves and raising awareness about sustainability has become a national priority. This study mapped the spatial extent of three main mangrove regions along the coast of Myanmar during 2000 and 2013, including the Ayeyarwardy Delta, Rakhine and Tanintharyi regions (Oo 2002). The three regions are spread along the coast and vary in population density, which provides a valuable comparison among the regions as to how human and economic pressures can affect mangroves. The Ayeyarwady Delta is centrally located and has the highest population density, followed by Rakhine to the north, and the most remote region being the Tanintharyi to the south. A land change model was then used to produce change maps between 2000 and 2013 and project mangrove coverage to the year 2030 to help resource managers and policy makers craft future decisions. Once the mangroves were classified and projected, SRTM data were used to derive tree canopy heights and biomass estimations using allometric equations. Mangroves in Myanmar house thriving biodiversity and provide citizens with essential natural products such as food, firewood, and construction materials (Oo 2002). This ecological forecasting project helped the Myanmar government visualize and quantify their current largest mangrove areas, as well as shed light on the success of previous preservation efforts that may influence future conservation strategies. This project ultimately allowed important decision makers to assess the negative impacts that have occurred due to the deforestation and degradation of mangrove ecosystems. To successfully implement this study and its findings, Dr. Peter Leimgruber and Ellen Aiken at the Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute were irreplaceable as they officially handed off the project and its decision making tools to the Myanmar Ministry of Environment, Conservation and Forestry. The project will serve as a valuable reference for efficiently allocating resources and man power, while adapting new management strategies to the changing mangrove landscape..."
Creator/author: Samuel J. Weber, Louis Keddell, Mohammed Kemal
Source/publisher: NASA
2014-05-00
Date of entry/update: 2016-04-17
Grouping: Individual Documents
Language: English
Format : pdf
Size: 1.64 MB
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Description: "... This study was intended to find out the benefits of forests, especially for non-wood forest products (NWFPs), to forestdependent local people and the relation to their socio-economic status. Sampling (169 respondents) was chosen to be an equal distribution of household?s economic status. The survey was conducted face to face with structural interviews using both open-and closed-ended questions. The results showed that bamboo and bamboo shoot were considered as the most collected NWFPs in the Bago Yoma region. The average consumptions of NWFPs were 302.50  90.12 viss to 501.27  120.65 viss. Furthermore, the research revealed that the collection of NWFPs showed negative correlation with income availability and livestock possession. The study aims to help provide the necessary information for sustainable forest management..."
Creator/author: Inkyin Khaine, Su Young Woo, Hoduck Kang
Source/publisher: Forest Science and Technology
2014-04-07
Date of entry/update: 2016-04-16
Grouping: Individual Documents
Language: English
Format : pdf
Size: 168.64 KB
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Description: Contents: 1. INTRODUCTION 7 Background setting of Myanmar forest, people and the country 7 Scope and coverage 7 Key questions/issues 8 The process (methodology) 8 Structure of the report 8 2. THE ROLE OF THE FORESTRY SECTOR IN MYANMAR 9 Complement social needs 10 Environmental harmony 10 3. CURRENT STATE OF FORESTS AND FORESTRY IN MYANMAR 12 The trend of forest resources 12 Wood and wood products 16 Non-wood forest products 18 Wood as a source of energy 20 The service functions of forest 21 State of forest management 22 Policy and institutional framework 26 Problems undermining sustainable forest management 28 4. WHAT WILL INFLUENCE THE FUTURE STATE OF FORESTS AND FORESTRY? 31 Demographic change 31 Economic transition 33 Environmental issues and policies 34 Future energy demand 36 5. PROBABLE SCENARIOS AND OTHER IMPLICATIONS 37 Rationale for scenario definition and driving forces 37 Usual scenario and alternatives 38 6. THE VISION IN 2020 40 Forest resources in the next two decades 40 Wood and wood products 41 SWOT analysis for the future of the country?s forest and forestry 42 7. HOW TO CREATE A BETTER FUTURE 46 8. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION 47 9. REFERENCES 49 10. ANNEXES
Creator/author: Khin Htun
Source/publisher: eTekkatho
Date of entry/update: 2015-09-14
Grouping: Individual Documents
Language: English
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Description: "The ?Forest Cover Map of Continental Southeast Asia? covers the countries of Bangladesh, Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia and Viet Nam, it comprises the tropical parts of northeastern India and of southern China (Yunnan & Hainan). The Himalaya mountain range (e.g. Bhutan) is included for reasons of geographical completeness. This map was produced by digital classification of a regional SPOT VEGETATION satellite image composite, generated from all acquisitions of the two dry seasons of the years 1998/1999 and 1999/2000 (December-March). The spatial resolution of the map corresponds to about one square kilometre (112º -1)"
Source/publisher: European Commission
Date of entry/update: 2014-06-01
Grouping: Individual Documents
Language: English
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Description: EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Having signed the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) on 11 June 1992 and ratified the convention on 25 November 1994 and the Kyoto Protocol in 2003 as a non‐Annex 1 party, Myanmar is fully aware of the causes and potential impacts of climate change. Hence, whilst undertaking political reform and aiming at rapid economic development, Myanmar is striving to reduce its greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. The government of Myanmar has recognised the potential of the REDD+ initiative to contribute to green development by protecting global environmental resources (forest carbon stocks, but also biodiversity), helping to reverse land degradation, helping to improve the livelihoods of the rural poor and aiding adaptation to climate change. Although still largely a poor country, Myanmar is rapidly opening up to Foreign Direct Investments (FDI) in the energy, mining and agricultural sector. Unless astutely managed, economic growth may have negative impacts on the environment and the natural resource base. In addition, climate change threatens to reverse socio‐economic advances. Recognizing these inter‐related challenges, the Government increasingly views the forestry sector as a key component and driver of sustainable and climate resilient economic growth and rural development. Myanmar has significant potential to reduce its forest carbon emissions, and enhance and sustainably manage its forest carbon stocks, by implementing REDD+ activities..."
Source/publisher: UN‐REDD Programme
2013-07-00
Date of entry/update: 2014-06-01
Grouping: Individual Documents
Language: English
Format : pdf
Size: 2.35 MB
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Description: Overview: • Definition of CF and its significance to REDD+ objectives • CF in Thailand and Myanmar - Background &Characteristics - Existing challenges • Connecting CF and REDD+ • REDD+ progresses in Thailand and Myanmar • Risks and Opportunities to CF
Source/publisher: Ratchada Arpornsilp and ZawWin Myint
2014-04-27
Date of entry/update: 2014-05-23
Grouping: Individual Documents
Language: English
Format : pdf
Size: 5.07 MB
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Description: Map of cover in 1985
Source/publisher: World Resources Institute (WRI)
1998-00-00
Date of entry/update: 2003-06-03
Grouping: Individual Documents
Language: English
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