"Vulnerability is the degree to which a system is susceptible to, or unable to cope with, the adverse effects of climate change, including climate variability and extremes. This notion is used to describe socio-economic, physical and environmental factors, which determine the sensitivity/susceptibility of a country, town, community or individual to the impact of climate change (e.g. change in seasonal patterns) and/or hazard (e.g. flood). For example, socio-economic factors of vulnerability are poverty, low level of awareness on climate change, and dependence on climate-sensitive agricultural production. Land degradation and unsustainable natural resources management are environmental factors of vulnerability. For instance, cutting mangroves in populated coastal areas increases the vulnerability of communities because mangroves help in reducing wind speed, flooding and coastal erosion. Physical vulnerability relates to the state of infrastructure and human settlements. Countries and communities are more vulnerable when they have low adaptive capacity. The latter specifies their ability to adjust to climate change (including to climate variability and extremes) and moderate or cope with its potential negative impacts. Adaptive capacity also relates to the ability of people to take advantage of opportunities and benefits from climate change. For example, a longer growing season due to changing climate offers opportunity to farmers to increase their income. However, their adaptive capacity is often constrained by the limited access to knowledge and technology on how to increase their production under longer growing season conditions. Adaptation to climate change aims at reducing vulnerability and building climate resilience. Climate resilience is the ability of a system to (i) absorb stress and cope with climate change and hazards, including maintaining its basic structure, functions and adaptive capacity, and (ii) recover, adapt and transform in ways that improve its sustainability, leaving it better prepared for future climate change impacts. In this context, climate-resilient development of townships of Myanmar suggests development that ensures townships' ability to cope with current climate and its impact and to adapt to future climate change, by preserving development gains and minimising damages..."