Contents: 1. Background... 2. Methodology... 3. Findings: 3.1 HSS(2008) results; 3.1.1 Sample collection; 3.1.2 HIV prevalence by sentinel population; 3.1.3 HIV prevalence by sex and age; 3.1.4 HIV prevalence by place of residence and marital status; 3.2. Results of syphilis screening... 4. Trends over time: 4.1. HIV prevalence among low risk population 1992-2008; 4.2. HIV prevalence among most at risk population 1992-2008; 4.3. HIV prevalence among young population aged 15-24 years... 5. Decentralization of testing... 6. Limitations... 7. Recommendations... Annexes: Annex 1: Total number of blood samples collected during HSS 2008 round... Annex 2: Results of 2008 HIV prevalence (%) per sentinel population and per sites... Annex 3: HIV prevalence by age group... Annex 4: Site specific sero-positive rates(%) and sample size (n) for each sentinel group HSS-2008... Annex 5: Prevalence of syphilis (VDRL+) per sentinel population and per site.